SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This paper investigates the electrical conductivity and visible photoconductivity of polyvinylcarbazole telomers prepared with different initiators, chain-transfer agents, end groups, and degrees of polymerization. Pressed pellet samples with metal electrodes were examined by current-voltage, temper…
This paper addresses contrast improvement in electron-beam introscopy, particularly for radiographic inspection of low-density materials where X-ray methods may provide insufficient contrast sensitivity. It argues that, because conventional electron-to-light converters such as fluoroscopic screens a…
This paper analyzes how the sensitivity of radiation introscope systems is limited by signal-to-noise ratio, especially in the initial conversion stages from penetrating radiation to optical or electrical images. It derives relationships among signal-to-noise ratio, optical and radiation contrast, b…
This paper examines how a homogeneous longitudinal magnetic field can preserve or improve the resolving power of an electron introscope when an electron energy selector is inserted to increase image contrast. The authors analyze electron motion after passage through an inspected object, showing that…
The paper addresses the optimization of pulse amplifier transient response when the linear circuit is described by a fourth order characteristic equation, a case in which conventional second order approximations and manual parameter searches are inadequate. It formulates the normalized transfer and …
This paper reports experimental observations of self-generated current in closed circuits containing metal, dielectric or high-resistance semiconductor, and metal structures without an applied external voltage. Measurements on salts, glass, cadmium sulfide, organic semiconductors, and related sample…
This paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations of a phase-generating circuit in which two locked generators are coupled through the mutual inductance of inductive sensors. Using an equivalent circuit model, the authors derive an analytical relation between symmetric inductive detuni…
This paper analyzes how parasitic capacitance affects the resonance method for measuring the active resistance of quartz resonators in a frequency-dependent divider circuit. Starting from the divider equations, the authors derive expressions for the voltage transfer coefficient near series resonance…
This paper describes a uniformly stepped voltage generator intended for a scanning balancing pulse voltmeter, where a large number of steps is required to reduce quantization error. It analyzes a capacitive divider generator and proposes adding a pentode cathode follower so that the storage capacito…
This paper examines the longitudinal stability of the transient nonstationary electron current that arises during injection in ordinary betatrons. Using threshold estimates for space charge limits, onset of longitudinal oscillations, electron loss by instability, energy spread, and instability growt…
The paper describes the development and testing of a pulsed ionizing radiation source based on vacuum electric discharge for high productivity inspection of thin walled products made from light metals, plastics, and related materials. The authors present the discharge tube and high voltage pulse gen…
This paper examines induced radioactivity produced in thick steel products during flaw detection with betatron bremsstrahlung, emphasizing its relevance for radiation safety. It presents calculation procedures for photonuclear activation, beta-particle escape ranges, and beta and gamma dose rates, u…
The paper describes an improved instrument for measuring the phase inhomogeneity of magnetic fields in betatrons, motivated by the limited accuracy and efficiency of earlier compensation methods. The proposed device is a two-channel phase meter that converts phase shift into a time interval and uses…
A digital exposure meter is described for controlling the irradiation dose delivered by pulsed accelerator sources, particularly a betatron, where pulse intensity instability makes simple pulse counting or time relay methods insufficient. The proposed circuit measures the amplitude of each bremsstra…
This study examines granularity noise in RT-1 X-ray film as a basis for designing optimal filters for automatic interpretation of radiographic images, particularly defect-contour extraction. Uniformly exposed film samples were scanned with microphotometer apertures from 0.05 to 0.2 mm, and autocorre…
This paper describes the development and production testing of the Taiga-1 gamma flaw detector for nondestructive quality control of tree-length logs before bucking. The system irradiates moving timber with a rotating gamma source, compares radiation intensities from adjacent sections, automatically…
This paper addresses the problem of obtaining higher quality lumber yields by selecting rational sawing patterns based on objective information about visible and hidden defects in round timber. It argues that subjective operator assessment is inadequate for flow-line production and evaluates nondest…
The paper addresses automatic accounting of round timber volumes in high-speed bucking and sorting lines, where manual measurement and existing mechanical or photoelectric devices limit process automation. It proposes a contactless system using radioisotope shadow-method sensors to measure log lengt…
This paper examines the selection and experimental evaluation of a tape drive for the magnetic memory unit of a six-channel scintillation radiation flaw detector using statistical summation. It argues that accurate phase coincidence of delayed detector signals requires a tape transport whose speed f…
This paper examines electronic introscopy as a nondestructive testing method intended to preserve the advantages of fast monoenergetic electron flaw detection while providing image information about defect shape and character. It combines studies of electron energy and angular distributions after pa…
A method is proposed for estimating the coordination number of random packings of rigid spheres with unequal radii and a specified granulometric composition. The approach expresses the coordination number for a sphere of a given radius as a weighted mean of a neighbor-count function depending on rad…
This paper examines ways to improve the sensitivity and reliability of scintillation-based betatron flaw detection for large metal thicknesses, focusing on noise in the detector and recording channel. Using probability theory and mathematical statistics, it treats defect-signal reception as a statis…
The paper examines the use of betatron radiation flaw detection for nondestructive inspection of thick welded joints, where Co-60 radiography and ultrasonic methods may be insufficient in sensitivity, productivity, or applicability. It compares radiographic and radiometric recording methods, discuss…
This paper addresses detection of weak defect signals in radiometric monitoring when discrete pulse counts are corrupted by Poisson noise and the defect signal has unknown parameters. Using a trapezoidal signal model, the authors derive a likelihood-ratio statistic and a maximum-likelihood estimate …
This paper analyzes the output of a linear filter driven by a Poisson pulse flow whose intensity is a stationary random function of time, a model relevant to errors in radiometric isotope instruments inspecting heterogeneous materials or rough surfaces. By approximating the continuous random intensi…
This paper develops a statistical decision model for a radiometric isotope flaw detector that must both detect defects and estimate signal parameters such as amplitude and time of occurrence under uncertainty in signal shape. The authors approximate the useful signal by a Poisson form, model detecto…
This study examines how layer thickness and ordering in two-layer iron and polyethylene barriers affect the energy spectrum and integral flux of transmitted fast neutrons. Using a Monte Carlo solution of the neutron transport equation for a 3 MeV mono-directional source, the authors calculated spect…
This paper studies how source spectrum, water reflector geometry, and soil moisture affect the spatial distribution of thermal neutron flux in a semi-infinite sand medium from a point isotropic neutron source. A Monte Carlo neutron transport calculation, using multigroup constants and analytical ave…
This paper experimentally investigates how reflector material and geometry affect the spatial distribution of thermal neutrons in a semi-infinite sand medium irradiated by a Pu-Be fast-neutron source. Thermal-neutron fluxes were measured with indium activation foils using the cadmium-difference meth…
The paper examines the organization and management of maintenance for the electrical facilities of metallurgical enterprises, where growing quantities and complexity of electrical equipment have made conventional repair staffing methods inadequate. It argues that such facilities should be treated as…
The paper formulates the electrical facilities of a metallurgical enterprise as a large system whose elements, subsystems, and external environment can be described through set-theoretic, statistical, and optimization concepts. It proposes basic electrical indicators, including maximum load, demand …
This paper analyzes parametric oscillations at odd harmonics in an inductive parametron without direct-current premagnetization. Using an approximate hyperbolic-sine representation of the magnetization curve, Fourier expansions with Bessel functions, and a zeroth-order stability condition for the as…
The paper addresses preliminary calculation and optimization of medium-size dry-type transformers, with emphasis on thermal constraints and economic design criteria that differ from oil-filled transformer practice. It proposes an algorithm that treats core diameter, design temperature rise, and shor…
This paper analyzes the optimization of a 100 MVA, 115/0.75 kV electric furnace transformer using an external two-layer foil low-voltage winding and an internal multilayer high-voltage winding with voltage regulation by switching winding layers. Using previously derived design relations, the authors…
The paper treats ferroresonant parallel and series circuits as nonlinear circuits exhibiting negative differential conductance or resistance, with attention to relay effects and jump transitions at the fundamental supply frequency. Using harmonic balance and stability considerations, it derives cond…
This article develops a calculation procedure for optimizing high-power three-phase two-winding transformers with a rolled low-voltage winding and a multilayer high-voltage winding. The design variable is the number of low-voltage winding layers, and the method combines heat-balance equations, leaka…
This paper examines the use of an inductive parametron as a responding element for ground-fault protection in isolated-neutral networks, where conventional zero-sequence current transformers may provide insufficient secondary power and introduce directional errors. It describes a device in which par…
The paper examines ground-fault protection in compensated neutral networks, where existing methods based on imposed control currents, harmonic levels, or traveling-wave transients suffer from complexity, instability, or poor repeatability. It proposes using an inductive parametron as a sensitive dir…
This paper addresses the extraction of a very small 25 Hz monitoring-current component from the zero-sequence current of synchronous generators, where 50 Hz unbalance interference may exceed the useful signal by about a factor of 500. After noting the limitations of reactive and RC filtering for thi…
This paper examines the stochastic loading regimes of coupling elements between a long-distance ultra-high-voltage transmission line and an intermediate power system. Using hourly active and reactive load data from one intermediate connection of the Siberian power interconnection for 1969 to 1971, t…
This paper examines the formulation of conditions for minimizing active power losses in power transmission line sections when the receiving-end voltage is fixed. It argues that a commonly used partial-derivative condition is incomplete because it treats active and reactive power at the receiving end…
The paper examines the use of Lyapunov functions in dynamic stability studies of complex electric power systems and in assessing the equivalence of simplified mathematical models. It reformulates the system Lyapunov function as a sum of generator-level functions, with an adjustment for weighted-aver…
This paper examines the limiting operating conditions and aperiodic static stability of compensated long-distance AC transmission lines with intermediate systems and shunt or series compensation devices. The authors model intermediate systems, controlled reactors, synchronous compensators, and line …
This paper examines probabilistic and statistical methods for characterizing active and reactive electrical loads in two Siberian power systems using hourly operational data from 1968 to 1972. It evaluates empirical load distributions, sample representativeness, correlations between active and react…
The paper addresses the treatment of corona energy losses in calculations for long-distance alternating-current transmission lines, where direct representation through active conductance can require complex iterative computation and depends on random factors such as weather and conductor condition. …
This paper addresses the problem of representing composite loads in dynamic stability calculations for electric power systems, where full dynamic modeling can be computationally impractical while constant-resistance substitution can distort electromechanical transients. The authors argue that genera…
This paper examines probabilistic and statistical methods for assessing power flows through intersystem transmission ties, using hourly load records from Central Siberian electric power interconnections for 1968 to 1972. The authors analyze active and reactive power flows on two lines with different…
This paper addresses the selection of series and shunt compensation parameters for long-distance AC power transmission lines that include intermediate systems, where stability limits, voltage constraints, and the placement of compensating equipment complicate design. It develops a calculation method…
This paper proposes a unified algorithm for calculating steady-state operating conditions in electric power networks by using generalized expressions for branch active and reactive powers within nodal power balance equations. It extends the treatment from symmetric four-terminal networks to nonsymme…
The paper examines how to evaluate the economic efficiency of introducing deep voltage regulation in existing long distance power transmission lines. It compares calculated costs for operating variants with and without such regulation, accounting for transformer cost increases, possible reductions i…
