SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
The paper develops a calculation method for the static traction and normal attraction forces of an E-shaped direct-current electromagnet with a transversely moving armature, considered as an element of a four-winding linear electromagnetic motor. It formulates the armature force balance and expresse…
This paper addresses the difficulty of calculating magnetic permeances for the leakage and fringing air gaps of an E-shaped electromagnet with a transversely moving armature, used as an element of a four-winding linear motor. It introduces relative geometric parameters based on armature displacement…
This paper presents a relay-pulse voltage regulator for direct-current generators using semiconductor switching elements to control excitation current. It describes a circuit based on a blocking oscillator measuring element, amplification stages, and a power transistor switch, then derives expressio…
This paper examines how selected parameters of a synchronous reluctance motor affect the boundary of stable operation and the likelihood of self-oscillation. Using linearized small-perturbation equations and a frequency stability criterion based on the torque characteristic hodograph, the authors ca…
This paper examines a circuit intended to increase both the amount of energy and the rate of energy transfer from an impact generator to an inductive load without increasing the generator rating. The proposed scheme uses an auxiliary capacitor bank connected in parallel with the generator and load, …
This paper examines a switching circuit intended to accelerate energy transfer from a shock generator to an inductive load by using an auxiliary capacitor bank. Because direct analytical treatment requires solving successive differential equation systems with changing initial conditions, the authors…
The paper develops simplified thermal calculation methods for naturally cooled low-power electrical machines, where detailed heat-flow modeling is impractical during individual or small-series design. It applies a two-stage heating concept, estimating frame temperature rise from total losses, coolin…
The paper addresses calculation of the operating characteristics of low- and medium-power synchronous motors using phase-compounding excitation circuits intended to stabilize power factor, especially near unity. It proposes using experimentally or graphically obtained U-shaped characteristics and re…
The paper addresses the calculation of transient processes in closed-loop pulse-width modulated control systems with modulation of the second kind, where pulse duration depends on the current modulator input value. It derives a recurrence equation for such systems by summing the continuous part’s re…
This paper describes an electronic automatic summing potentiometer for continuous monitoring and chart recording of the algebraic sum of electromotive forces from multiple sensors, with application to acidity measurement in process control. The instrument is built from an EPP-26M1 automatic potentio…
This article extends a graphoanalytical calculation method for unbalanced direct-current bridges with active resistances to a bridge using FS-K1 photoresistors. The bridge is applied to a photoelectronic instrument for estimating carbon content in ash, using the change in reflected visible light to …
This paper describes the design and fabrication of a compact high-frequency stereobetatron intended to accelerate electrons to 3 MeV and provide a gamma-radiation dose rate of about 10 R/min at 1 m from the target. The authors present the electromagnet construction, using thin strip electrical steel…
This paper analyzes doubly periodic staircase slow-wave systems with multiple protrusions distributed periodically along the pins. Treating the structure as a multiconductor line and restricting the analysis to the long-wavelength fundamental TEM region, it derives a dispersion equation and compares…
The paper examines how to shorten the settling time of oscillations in high shunt resistance cavity resonators without reducing steady state amplitude or requiring increased continuous generator power. It analyzes transient buildup under step excitation and discusses the use of an initial high power…
This paper examines why metal oxide electrode potentials often show a pH response smaller than the Nernstian value of 59 mV per pH unit expected from a simple metal hydroxide equilibrium. The authors argue that the relevant hydroxyl ion activity is not that of the bulk solution but that in the near …
This paper investigates the impulse breakdown strength of large point to plane gaps in transformer oil under oblique voltage waves, with attention to voltage-front steepness, polarity, and statistical scatter. Experiments using a 3000 kV impulse generator measured mean breakdown voltages, prebreakdo…
This paper investigates pulsed electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics under exponentially rising, oblique voltage waves using image-converter photography synchronized with oscillographic measurements of current and gap voltage. Experiments on transformer oil, ethyl alcohol, and distilled water i…
Discharge delay times in NaCl ionic crystals are examined near the critical thickness at which breakdown is expected to change from a single-avalanche streamer mechanism to a multi-avalanche streamer mechanism. Using liquid-electrode samples about 30 micrometers thick and rectangular high-voltage pu…
This study examines the development of surface electric discharges on NaCl, KCl, and KBr crystals and relates discharge damage to lattice energy and applied field strength. Crystals grown by the Kyropoulos method were cleaved, etched to reveal dislocations, exposed to pulsed voltage in a point-plane…
This paper examines how composition, stability, and mutual solubility affect the impulse electric strength of alkali halide solid solutions, with experimental attention to KBr-KI and NaCl-KCl systems. Solid solutions were grown by the Kyropoulos method, quenched from high temperature, analyzed for c…
This study examines how composition affects pulsed electrical conductivity and dielectric strength in fully soluble KCl-KBr solid solutions. Single crystals grown by the Kyropoulos method were tested under strong voltage pulses, and their current response was compared with previously measured breakd…
This study examines how conducting inclusions affect impulse breakdown strength and discharge-path selection in an inhomogeneous solid dielectric. Paraffin specimens containing simulated metallic inclusions were subjected to single positive impulse voltages using a point-plane electrode arrangement,…
The paper examines whether the electrical strength of alkali halide crystals depends on crystallographic direction, a question linked to theories of electrical breakdown in ionic solids. Using carefully prepared NaCl, KCl, and KBr specimens subjected to pulsed voltage in a uniform field, with visual…
This paper investigates breakdown delay times in solid electrical insulating materials under uniform electric fields, a regime important for understanding breakdown mechanisms and nanosecond high-voltage applications. Using rectangular voltage pulses with a 3 ns front and 100 ns flat portion, the au…
This paper investigates energy release in the channel of a pulsed electric discharge during breakdown of solid dielectrics, with attention to its role in shock-wave destruction. Using a pulse-voltage generator and simultaneous oscillographic recording of specimen voltage and channel current, the stu…
This paper analyzes the use of pulsed voltage generators at hundreds of kilovolts for producing shock waves and breakdown in liquids and solid dielectrics. Using an RLC discharge model with approximately constant spark channel resistance, it derives conditions for maximum current, power, and energy …
This paper reports the development and testing of two compact electronic instruments for hematological investigation: a photometric device for recording blood coagulation and a conductivity-based analyzer for estimating erythrocyte volume concentration. The coagulation instrument measures changes in…
This paper examines transformer emf as a major interference source in electromagnetic flowmeters, arising from alternating magnetic flux through the circuit formed by electrodes, liquid, and electrode leads. It reviews several suppression approaches, including lead orientation, potentiometric balanc…
This paper describes an experimental electromagnetic blood flowmeter developed for continuous automatic measurement of blood-flow velocity in vessels during chronic animal experiments. The instrument uses a sensor with a magnetic core, excitation coils, and platinum cuff electrodes, and applies a re…
This paper examines how fast electron irradiation produces F-center coloration in alkali-halide crystals and whether the depth distribution of coloration follows the distribution of absorbed ionization energy. NaCl, LiF, and related crystals were irradiated with MeV electron beams, after which F-ban…
A fast neutron scintillation spectrometer was developed to support measurements of neutron transmission through materials under barrier-geometry conditions, where high gamma backgrounds and low fast-neutron detection efficiency complicate flaw-detection studies. The instrument uses a stilbene single…
This paper describes a nondestructive device for rapid monitoring of the density and continuity of thick building structures using high-energy betatron bremsstrahlung. The proposed system measures radiation intensity before and after passage through the inspected object with scintillation detectors,…
This paper examines scattered radiation and buildup factors for betatron bremsstrahlung beams with maximum energies of 15 and 25 MeV after passage through copper absorbers, motivated by applications in betatron flaw detection. The authors combine calculations by the method of successive collisions, …
This paper examines how bremsstrahlung spectra are transformed after passing through absorbers of different chemical composition, with attention to applications in radiation defectoscopy, radiation physics, and therapy. Using both calculations based on attenuation laws and measurements with a scinti…
The paper addresses how to select electromagnetic radiation energy for radiographic flaw detection of layered bodies, focusing on detecting steel reinforcement within reinforced concrete. It argues that optimal detectability requires maximizing the difference between attenuation coefficients in the …
This paper develops a theoretical method for estimating the sensitivity of radiation flaw detection in inhomogeneous multicomponent materials, with sensitivity expressed as the minimum detectable defect size. Starting from the attenuation law for penetrating radiation in a medium containing an inclu…
This paper examines how microhardness varies with composition in alkali halide solid solutions, focusing on KCl, KBr and NaCl, KCl systems that differ in thermodynamic stability at room temperature. Single crystals grown from the melt were quenched, characterized by flame photometry, and tested by m…
This paper examines the isotope effect observed during ozone formation from oxygen in an electric discharge, where ozone becomes enriched in oxygen-18 and the separation coefficient increases with temperature. The authors argue that the effect cannot be explained by equilibrium isotope exchange betw…
This paper investigates how gaseous impurities and temperature affect the candoluminescence of phosphors, treated as a surface process initiated by adsorption and recombination of flame radicals. Using a reduced pressure flame apparatus with photoelectric detection, the authors measured the relative…
This study examines whether phosphor candoluminescence, previously associated with hydrogen-containing illuminating-gas flames, also occurs in methane and carbon monoxide flames. Industrial phosphors were applied to a cooled surface and introduced into Bunsen burner flames, with emission intensity m…
This study examines how heterovalent impurities affect the isothermal thermal annealing of radiation-chemical defects in gamma-irradiated potassium nitrate crystals. Potassium nitrate samples containing strontium, lead, or sulfate additives were prepared by fusion, irradiated with a cobalt gamma sou…
This study examines optical absorption and color-center formation in NaCl-AgCl solid-solution single crystals with relatively high AgCl concentrations, a range not well covered in earlier work. Crystals containing 0.5 to 15 mol percent AgCl were grown, quenched, measured spectrophotometrically, and …
This paper examines how statistical distribution of electron centers among multiple centers affects the accumulation kinetics of radiation induced color centers in alkali halide crystals. Using a Monte Carlo model on a square lattice, it simulates the formation and coagulation of isolated F centers …
This paper examines how strontium impurities affect radiation-induced generation of anion vacancies and F-centers in alkali halide crystals. KCl and KBr crystals doped with Sr were irradiated at room temperature with 6.5 MeV protons, and F-center accumulation curves were analyzed using the Mitchell-…
This study examines the accumulation of stored energy in single crystals of a KCl-KBr solid solution under proton irradiation, a topic for which prior measurements in alkali-halide solid solutions were lacking. Samples of 64 percent KCl composition were irradiated at room temperature in a cyclotron …
This study examines stored energy in calcium fluoride crystals after irradiation with X-rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays, treating stored energy as an indicator of radiation-induced defect formation and retention. CaF2 crystals grown by the Stockbarger method were irradiated at room temperature, and st…
This paper examines methods for calculating end-winding leakage reactance in single-phase, single-layer concentric windings, with emphasis on impulse-power generators where leakage reactance is a critical design parameter. It develops a segment-based calculation using mutual and self-inductance form…
The paper addresses how to choose the air gap in isolated surge generators, where reducing the gap can unload the field winding but may increase stator e.m.f. distortion from slot harmonics. It derives conditions under which higher harmonics do not produce dips in the rising current waveform, introd…
This study examines the use of an illuminating gas flame as an excitation source for candoluminescence in several crystallophosphors, focusing on the role of flame zones, active particles, and added impurities. Using spectrographic measurements, thermocouple temperature measurements, differential th…
This paper analyzes how the principal dimension ratios of valve-type direct-current electromagnets affect leakage flux and the energy stored in the stray magnetic field. Using simplifying assumptions for the magnetic circuit, winding heating, and flux distribution, it derives an expression for the s…
