SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 73 papers in Engineering & Technology
This paper describes the design and testing of a pulsed high-voltage generator using purified water as the dielectric for producing short, intense pulses of fast electrons and hard bremsstrahlung X-rays. The apparatus combines a Marx pulse circuit with a coaxial water-dielectric storage line, which …
This paper examines surface breakdown when gas electrodes contact a solid dielectric or semiconductor, focusing on the transition between discharge along the gas interface and breakdown through the solid. The authors model the gas and solid as parallel conductive paths with strongly nonuniform field…
This paper studies a class of linear nonstationary automatic control systems composed of a stationary element with a rational transfer function and a feedback gain inversely proportional to a linear function of time. Using Laplace transform representations and convolution formulas for the system wei…
This paper reformulates the placement problem for applications such as arranging electronic unit cells on a plane while minimizing connection length. Instead of representing pairwise flows only by a graph, it introduces a “scheme” consisting of elements and multi-element connections, each realizable…
This paper develops a four-terminal network representation for an optocoupler with direct optical coupling, specifically an injection light-emitting diode coupled to a photoresistor. It derives the conductance, impedance, and hybrid parameter matrices in terms of differential device characteristics,…
Thin-film photodiode arrays based on n-CdS, p-CdTe heterojunctions are described as a possible approach to distributed optical signal processing without the area limitations of single-crystal planar devices. Laboratory arrays with 144 elements per square centimeter were fabricated using perpendicula…
The paper develops a general condition for complete regeneration in a regenerative optocoupler using a photoresistor, extending earlier treatments that assumed more restricted device characteristics and input configurations. Starting from a system of equations for an optocoupler with electrical and …
This paper examines regularities of droplet carryover in bubbling and non-bubbling evaporating apparatuses, distinguishing entrainment by splashing from transported carryover of droplets that are not separated in the vapor space. A theoretical description is developed using droplet-size distribution…
The paper proposes a new application of nonstoichiometric semiconductor compounds as in situ sensors for measuring the partial vapor pressure of components during technological processes such as crystal growth and purification. The authors argue that, for compounds with a homogeneity range, changes …
A general theory is developed for a regenerative EO+ optron with direct electrical and positive optical feedback, removing earlier restrictions on the ampere, lux, and resistance characteristics of its light-emitting diode and photoresistor components. The paper derives conditions for the appearance…
A dynamic theory is developed for a regenerative optocoupler using a photoresistor as the light receiver, treating the photoresistor generation and recombination kinetics as the dominant source of inertia while retaining the stationary descriptions of the remaining circuit and optical elements. The …
This paper reports the development and testing of the EMV-100L electron microscope, designed to approach the theoretical resolving power set by objective spherical aberration and diffraction. The authors discuss the optical formulas for the theoretical limit, identify practical factors that degrade …
The paper addresses the ill-posed synthesis problem for a linear radiator with a prescribed radiation pattern, formulated as a regularized integral equation for the amplitude-phase current distribution. It proposes solving this equation by expanding the current in eigenfunctions of the kernel, ident…
This electrical engineering paper concerns the excitation of self-oscillations in nonlinear direct-current circuits. From the available translated text, the work appears to focus on formulating a condition for when such oscillations arise, but the excerpt does not provide the circuit model, analytic…
This paper derives an expression for the indicated efficiency of an internal combustion engine by replacing the actual indicator cycle with an equivalent thermodynamic cycle having the same thermal efficiency. The analysis introduces a constant heat capacity working gas approximation, estimates the …
The paper formulates an optimization problem for synthesizing the current distribution of a linear antenna whose realizable radiation pattern best approximates a prescribed, generally nonrealizable pattern. The approximation is measured in the mean-square sense, while constraints on the mean-square …
This paper examines whether nonlinear direct-current circuits containing reactive elements can generate sustained alternating self-oscillations. Using an energy-balance argument based on Tellegen’s theorem, it analyzes circuits with constant voltage sources, nonlinear inductances, capacitances, and …
This paper reports experimental work on explosive generators that convert chemical explosive energy into magnetic field energy by rapid compression of conductors carrying trapped magnetic flux. It discusses design constraints for variable inductance generators, including flux conservation, field lim…
The paper examines the construction of invariant information and measuring devices based on a two-channel operating principle, focusing on conditions under which the output remains insensitive to bounded symmetric disturbances while retaining sensitivity to the measured quantity. It formulates invar…
This note formulates the complexity of electrical modeling of lossless distributed-parameter lines as approximation of their input impedances by rational functions realizable as passive lumped-parameter two-terminal networks. It relates circuit complexity to the number of terms in a canonical class …
The paper addresses the formalized optimization of designing technological automatic machines, focusing on assembly machines for products composed of a base part and attached components. It proposes a two-stage synthesis framework: first, generating and evaluating conceptual operator schemes for ope…
This note develops a model for constructing depreciation charges for a stationary machine fleet subject to an arbitrary stationary load. Machines are represented by their remaining resource, loads and assignments by distribution functions, and stationarity is expressed through measures linking resou…
This paper analyzes an optoelectronic cell, or regenerative optron, with direct electrical coupling and positive optical feedback, focusing on the conditions under which it exhibits a bistable current-voltage characteristic. Using a piecewise approximation for the light-emitting diode output and equ…
This study examines the hydrodynamics and gas-liquid mass transfer of a submerged, “sharp” gas jet, a configuration relevant to oxygen blowing in metallurgical processes. Based on theoretical considerations, photographic measurements, and experiments with several liquids and nozzle diameters, the au…
This paper proposes a method of sections of parameter space for the exact analytical study of high-order nonlinear automatic systems with a linear part and separate nonlinearities. After reducing the system by a nonsingular linear transformation to canonical coordinates, the argument identifies line…
This paper describes the use of a traveling-wave quantum paramagnetic amplifier in an 8 cm radio-astronomical radiometer to improve sensitivity at centimeter wavelengths. The authors present the amplifier and radiometer design, including a ruby active medium operated at liquid-helium temperature, me…
The paper analyzes shrinkage stress in drying disperse porous structures as a resultant of surface tension, capillary contraction, elastic resistance of the structure, and secondary cohesion and adhesion bonds. It proposes a mechanical model and divides drying into four periods, describing how the r…
This chronicle reports on an All-Union seminar-symposium held in Novosibirsk in June 1965 on Lyapunov’s second method and its applications in power engineering. It summarizes the organization and scope of the meeting, lists presentations by mathematicians and power engineers on stability theory, Lya…
The paper derives an analog of the Duhamel integral for linear electrical filters with time-varying parameters when the system has nonzero initial excitation. By subtracting the polynomial determined by the initial conditions, the author reduces the original differential equation to an initially une…
This paper examines why simple periodic motions are frequently observed in nonlinear pulse systems despite formal arguments suggesting that periodic motions should be exceptional because admissible frequencies form a countable set. Using an approximation by the predominant harmonic and an equivalent…
The paper studies dynamic control systems in which parameter disturbances affect a terminal performance function, and correction is achieved by shifting prescribed instants at which controls change or vary strongly. For small disturbances, it linearizes the dependence of measured quantities, switchi…
This study examines heat and mass transfer regimes in once-through steam-generating tubes near the transition from developed boiling to impaired heat transfer, where temperature measurements with pure condensate provide limited insight. The authors introduce a “salt” method using an unsaturated sodi…
This paper proposes a general method for formalizing and simulating a mechanized production section with conveyors, intermediate bins, and multiple identical machines subject to random failures and repairs. The method models the system by simultaneous scanning of all units at small time intervals an…
This paper examines the use of metal tanks as cavity resonators for measuring liquid level by tracking changes in resonant frequency. It develops frequency characteristics for rectangular vessels containing either conducting liquids or low-loss dielectric liquids, using idealized electrodynamic mode…
The paper examines two-terminal diode networks for relay and control structures as an alternative to previously studied single-terminal diode networks. It defines complete elementary two-terminal networks, states restrictions on their construction through lemmas and theorems concerning structural fo…
This paper develops a theory for optimal signal reproduction in a gyroscopic tracking system subject to random disturbances. Using the minimum mean-square error criterion, it formulates the gyroscope dynamics as a matrix differential system, derives the associated transfer and weighting functions, a…
This paper develops a tensor method for calculating magnetic interference produced when a measuring platform undergoes small spatial rotations in the Earth’s magnetic field. The rotation-induced changes in field components are expressed as a second-rank tensor, separated into antisymmetric and symme…
This study examines how cavitation influences abrasive wear on hydraulic machine surfaces, focusing on local grooved wear and wavy wear produced by sand laden water flowing past a circular cylinder. Experiments in a hydrodynamic tube used lead and composite specimens, controlled cavitation condition…
This paper discusses the simulation of production processes for large automated enterprises on general-purpose electronic digital computers, with attention to interacting random factors such as operation times, queues, equipment reliability, tool wear, defects, and process disruptions. It proposes p…
The paper examines how small stationary random disturbances affect periodic regimes in relay automatic control systems, including regimes due to forced oscillations or self-oscillation. By linearizing the relay action near the switching instants, the deviation from the periodic motion is reduced to …
This paper investigates crack initiation and growth in bent technical zinc plates under local application of small mercury droplets, as a case of strength loss caused by a liquid surface-active metal. Experiments measured crack length and growth kinetics for varying mercury mass, plate thickness, an…
This paper analyzes the error behavior of a three-dimensional inertial navigation system using three accelerometers on a gyroscopic stabilizer and three channels for autocompensation of gravitational acceleration. It derives the system equations in an inertial ecliptic coordinate frame, linearizes t…
This paper examines approximate regularities governing the motion of liquid and gas mixtures with solid particles in pipes, focusing on hydraulic resistance and limiting transport capacity for different dispersed systems. Using dimensional criteria derived from averaged equations of heterogeneous fl…
This paper investigates how artificially generated turbulence in closed vessels affects spark ignition limits and turbulent flame propagation in gas mixtures. Experiments on propane, methane, and hydrogen mixtures with air or oxygen, including dilution with helium or argon, compare ignition limits, …
This short paper reports an experimental observation of cooling in two-phase supersonic flow formed by injecting water into a supersonic air stream. Water was introduced at the exit of a Laval nozzle at Mach 1.2 and Mach 3.0, with air and water initially at 15 degrees Celsius, and a steel rod placed…
The paper addresses the construction of multistage compensator circuits that avoid the wide range of sectional resistance values required in conventional shunting and double-decade designs. It formulates a general principle for homogeneous compensators in numeral systems with arbitrary integer base,…
This study examines how longitudinally nonuniform heating of a tube affects the onset of boiling crisis and the magnitude of critical heat fluxes in highly loaded heat-exchange channels. Experiments were carried out in a 160 mm vertical stainless-steel tube with upward flow of water or steam-water m…
This paper develops an analytical treatment of nonstationary physicochemical processes in a flowing medium when the process rate follows a bimolecular law, with sorption and ion exchange used as principal examples. Starting from a material balance for a sorbent-filled tube with negligible longitudin…
This study examines the role of electrochemical corrosion in the corrosion-mechanical wear of nitrocarburized steel 4 × 13 in Moscow tap water and evaluates whether corrosion inhibitors can reduce such wear. Using an Kh2M wear apparatus at 40°C, the authors measured volumetric wear under anodic and …
