SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 680 papers in Earth & Space Sciences
This paper investigates how the noncentral gravitational field of the Moon affected the orbit of the artificial lunar satellite Luna-10, while also accounting for perturbations from the Earth, the Sun, and planets. Trajectory measurements from the satellite’s active lifetime in April to May 1966 wer…
This paper presents seismic evidence on the crustal structure and sedimentary cover of the central and southern Sea of Japan based on a 1963 profile exceeding 500 km. Deep seismic sounding and reflected wave measurements were used to identify refracted and reflected phases, construct travel time cur…
This paper examines how moving atmospheric pressure disturbances, especially cyclones, can generate substantial depth-coherent oscillations in ocean currents that are not explained by steady wind-driven current theory. Using simplified linearized hydrodynamic models for a homogeneous, constant-depth…
This paper reports current measurements from the 38th cruise of the Vityaz aimed at clarifying the structure of equatorial currents in the western Pacific Ocean west of 150° E, especially the Equatorial Undercurrent. Using anchored buoy stations arranged along and near the equator, currents were rec…
This note addresses Molodenskii’s question of whether anomalies can be chosen on an auxiliary sphere so that, together with the normal field, they reproduce the external anomalous gravitational field of the real Earth without solving the integral equation for an auxiliary layer density. The paper gi…
This paper examines lunar solar fortnightly and lunar monthly long period tides in the seas of the Soviet Arctic, where high latitude conditions make such oscillations especially significant. More than 100 annual cycles of sea level observations from 22 Arctic stations are analyzed by harmonic metho…
Measurements from the Luna-10 artificial lunar satellite are used to examine the magnetic field in the vicinity of the Moon during April and early May 1966. Three-component ferrosonde magnetometer data from communication sessions show a regular field with total intensity about 23 to 40 gamma, with r…
This paper investigates whether the distinctive forest blowdown pattern produced by the 1908 Tunguska event can be explained by an elevated airburst associated with a supersonic meteoric body. Using field measurements of fallen tree azimuths and scale experiments with an inclined detonating cord and…
This paper investigates the elliptical polarization of optical radiation from the Crab Nebula, motivated by synchrotron emission from ultrarelativistic electrons in a magnetic field. The authors develop and apply a polarimetric method using observations with and without a near quarter-wave phase pla…
The paper examines the observed nonreciprocal attenuation of very low frequency radio waves propagating in opposite directions around the Earth during daytime, attributing it to ionospheric anisotropy in the geomagnetic field. It extends waveguide theory by incorporating the horizontal as well as ve…
This paper addresses the determination of the depth of the zero surface used in the dynamic method of ocean current calculation under the geostrophic approximation. It derives necessary conditions for the existence of such a surface from the geostrophic velocity equations, showing that density on th…
This paper analyzes cosmic-ray measurements obtained during the simultaneous interplanetary flights of the Zond-3 and Venera-2 stations in late 1965 and early 1966, when the spacecraft were moving respectively away from and toward the Sun. Using gas-discharge counter data, with comparison to neutron…
This paper reports measurements of soft corpuscular radiation made by gas-discharge counters on the Luna-10 lunar satellite during April and May 1966. The authors describe the response of SBT-9 and SF counters to electrons, protons, and soft X-radiation, and compare changes in counting rates with th…
This paper examines the relationship between diameter and depth for lunar ring mountains and craters in the Sea of Clouds, using detailed Ranger VII lunar charts that extend measurements to craters as small as about 8 m in diameter. The author compares these measurements with Baldwin’s previously pr…
The paper proposes a method for determining the velocity field of quasi-stationary ocean currents without assuming that current velocity vanishes at a reference depth. Using the Ekman equations, the flow is decomposed into a gradient-convective component extending through the water column and stress…
This paper reports preliminary Luna-10 measurements intended to test for a lunar ionosphere by using charged-particle traps for low-energy positive ions and electrons in circumlunar orbit. The authors compare ion and electron trap currents at different altitudes and under different plasma environmen…
This paper examines repeated faceted and layered forms visible in lunar surface panoramas obtained by the Luna-9 station. Through formal visual analysis and graphic interpretation of selected image fragments, the authors identify rectilinear shadow boundaries, flat faces, parallel layered structures…
This study estimates the absolute age and main developmental stages of the Aral Sea using nonequilibrium uranium isotope ratios. The authors derive and apply age equations based on the activity ratio of uranium 234 to uranium 238, measuring these ratios in waters of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya, and Ara…
This paper addresses the interpretation of three-layer frequency electromagnetic sounding curves of types A and H at large electrode spacings. It argues that the transformation procedure previously used for K and Q curves is insufficient when applied directly, because it determines only a conductanc…
This paper examines the contribution of Earth’s thermal radiation scattered by atmospheric aerosol layers to infrared night-sky radiance, particularly in the 3.5 to 5.2 micrometer transmission region near the tropopause and lower stratosphere. Nighttime aircraft measurements over the Moscow region a…
This paper examines the dynamics of Earth’s crust in Atlantic-type transition zones between continents and oceans, focusing on submerged shelves, submarine canyons, truncation of continental structures, and the form of continental slopes and rises. It argues that these features are not adequately ex…
The paper develops a model for the surface brightness distribution in a cometary head, treating particles emitted from the nucleus under solar repulsive acceleration and then extending the calculation to a Maxwellian dispersion of initial velocities. It derives expressions for the visible particle d…
This paper addresses the problem of determining the preatmospheric size of iron meteorites and the original depth of recovered specimens within their parent meteoroids. It develops a method based on modeled depth distributions of cosmogenic isotope production rates, using differences in excitation f…
The paper examines whether solar neutrino measurements can be used to determine the temperature of the solar interior more directly than is possible from evolutionary solar models. It argues that high threshold detectors are chiefly sensitive to boron 8 neutrinos, while gallium detectors are sensiti…
This paper develops a computational formulation for steady wind driven and climatologically forced currents in seas and oceans, using hydrostatic balance and vertical momentum exchange appropriate to shallow basins. The authors derive velocity, transport, surface slope, and integral stream function …
Measurements from the Zond-3, Venera-2, and Venera-3 interplanetary stations are used to examine six increases in solar proton fluxes with energies of 1 to 5 MeV during 1965. The authors compare semiconductor proton detector data with Geiger counter readings, neutron monitor records, geomagnetic dis…
This paper develops a theoretical treatment of atmospheric condensation nuclei by introducing an activity parameter that links nucleus composition and dry size to equilibrium supersaturation and droplet growth. From this framework, it derives relations between size distributions, activity spectra, a…
This paper examines discrepancies between observed lower ionospheric behavior and models that treat the effective recombination coefficient as constant at altitudes of 100 to 200 km. Using calculated ion formation rates for solar radiation in different spectral intervals, it argues that absorption-i…
This paper proposes a mechanism for the continuous emission observed during flares of cool G, K, and M stars, where brightness increases most strongly in the ultraviolet and the star becomes markedly bluer. It argues that a layer of fast electrons, possibly released with matter ejected from the stel…
This paper estimates geothermal heat flow through the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal, a region marked by strong seismicity, crustal disequilibrium, and active tectonic movement. Measurements were made in 1965 at 11 deep-water stations using an oceanographic gradient probe, with sediment thermal con…
Systematic balloon and rocket measurements from 1958 to 1963 are used to examine infrared radiation from the upper atmosphere over 0.8 to 40 microns at altitudes of 25 to 500 km. The observations indicate intense, layer-like infrared emission above 200 km, with maxima near 250 to 300 km, 420 to 450 …
This paper studies steady wind-driven circulation in a rectangular homogeneous ocean of constant depth, with attention to western boundary intensification and equatorial effects. The governing elliptic boundary-value problem for the integral stream function is solved numerically by converting it to …
This paper estimates the frequency dependence of absorption coefficients for longitudinal seismic waves propagating in the Earth’s mantle, focusing on Pn and P waves. Using amplitude spectra from records of 1958 underground nuclear explosions in Nevada, the study analyzes changes in spectral-compone…
This paper revisits wind-driven ocean circulation within the classical Ekman framework for a homogeneous steady fluid, addressing whether it can represent western intensification and latitude-dependent Coriolis effects. It formulates governing relations for the integral stream function, sea level, a…
This paper formulates a theoretical framework for interpreting temporal perturbations of gravitational and magnetic fields in relation to contemporary tectonophysical processes. It defines direct and inverse problems for time varying potentials produced by changes in density, magnetization, and boun…
This paper reports measurements of cosmic radiation made aboard Luna-10, the first artificial satellite of the Moon, using two gas-discharge counters with different shielding to distinguish hard and weakly penetrating components. The instrument recorded cosmic-ray counting rates during the spacecraf…
The paper presents a numerical scheme for short-range forecasting of stratiform cloudiness based on prognostic equations for total moisture content and a thermodynamic variable combining potential temperature and latent heat effects. The formulation uses quasistatic and geostrophic approximations, a…
This paper examines whether magnetic storms with sudden commencements can be used for deep magnetotelluric sounding of the Earth’s electrical structure. It applies a nonstationary processing method based on integral transforms of simultaneous electric and magnetic field records, allowing the initial…
This paper examines variations in total atmospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic between 25° N and 25° S using ozonometric and radiosonde observations from the fourteenth cruise of the research vessel Mikhail Lomonosov in August to November 1963. It compares the observed latitudinal ozone distri…
This paper addresses the observed excess absorption of centimeter, millimeter, and near submillimeter radio waves by atmospheric water vapor relative to calculations based on water monomers. After rejecting explanations based on inaccurate monomer line widths or isotopic water molecules, the authors…
This paper reports preliminary measurements of solid interplanetary matter near the Moon obtained by the Luna-10 artificial lunar satellite using piezoelectric impact sensors mounted on the spacecraft skin. Between April 3 and May 12, 1966, the instruments recorded 198 particle impacts over 11 hours…
This note examines the regularization of the Earth in potential theory, focusing on whether masses outside the geoid can be transferred inside while preserving total mass and leaving the geoid potential unchanged. Using sweeping-out arguments, it shows that no regularization method can simultaneousl…
This paper examines why faint photographic meteors show shortened trails, rapid initial brightening, increased terminal deceleration, and blurred interruptions, phenomena often attributed to unusually loose meteoroid structure. The authors develop a thermal and aerodynamic model for a rotating spher…
This paper examines how large mountain ranges affect atmospheric humidity, using the Main Caucasus Range as a case study. The authors compare long-term meteorological station data and parallel radiosonde observations from summer 1957 across stations north and south of the range, estimating vapor pre…
This paper reports on the 15 February 1965 earthquake near Kamen-na-Obi in Altai Krai, where observed intensity reached about 7, locally 7 to 8, despite the area being assigned to a 5-point seismic zone. The authors combine instrumental records from Soviet seismic stations with field observations in…
This paper estimates the threshold sensitivity of a high-sensitivity television system for detecting very faint stars against the night-sky background. The authors derive expected limiting fluxes and contrasts for an ideal receiver, then compare these values with observations of the globular cluster…
This paper examines the statistical distribution of magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization in igneous rocks, treating these parameters as random variables shaped by variable crystallization and ferrimagnetic mineral content. Using logarithmic transformation and tests based on standardize…
This paper formulates the determination of cloud boundaries in lee-side flow over an obstacle as a coupled free-boundary problem, rather than as a post-processing step applied to an everywhere adiabatic motion. It derives governing equations for steady two-dimensional incompressible flow with adiaba…
This paper examines the structure of 4 to 6 second microseisms, a persistent disturbance in seismological observations usually interpreted as interfering Rayleigh and Love surface waves. Using records from a temporary seismic station group in Eastern Kazakhstan, the study applies directional recepti…
This paper examines whether the 15th magnitude F-type star near the physical center of the Crab Nebula is merely a foreground object or is genetically connected with the Supernova of 1054. Shklovsky argues from positional probability, spectral type, distance considerations, and the star’s unusually …
