SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This paper analyzes the use of intermittent forced excitation to improve the energy performance of impact generators operating with pulsed loads. It derives expressions for no-load electromagnetic losses in the machine steel and rotor windings during voltage buildup and de-excitation, then uses thes…
The paper addresses the calculation of subtransient inductive reactance in shock generators whose stator winding is placed in a nonmagnetic active layer within the air gap, a design intended to reduce leakage inductance and increase attainable shock power. Using a vector-potential formulation, the a…
This paper addresses calculation of shock generator current when saturation of the magnetic circuit, especially along stator leakage paths, makes the shock inductive reactance depend on current. It applies the equivalent linearization method of Krylov and Bogolyubov, using harmonic balance to replac…
This paper examines failures in the end terminations of flexible 6 kV rubber-insulated cables used for excavators and earth-moving machinery. Measurements of corona-discharge inception voltage and 1000-hour life tests show that conventional terminations can permit stable ionization under service con…
This paper proposes a pulse voltage generator for electrical insulation testing that uses ferroresonance rather than the conventional Arkad’ev Marx circuit with rectifier charging. The described circuit combines a transformer, iron core choke, test capacitance, spark gap, and resistance or inductanc…
This paper develops a rigorous framework for treating a single-layer radio-frequency inductor as an electrodynamic system rather than as an ideal lumped inductance, with emphasis on the effects of distributed charge, self-capacitance, and dielectric losses in the coil former. Starting from Maxwell f…
This paper examines the removal of air from granular polyethylene during pressing, a problem relevant to high-voltage polymer insulation because pores and dissolved oxygen can reduce electrical performance and accelerate aging. Using a sealed press mold connected to a water-displacement measuring ap…
This study examines thermal aging of a hot-curing epoxy compound based on ED-6 resin with phthalic anhydride, with and without quartz sand filler, for applications in small electrical machine rotors. Specimens were aged at 140, 160, and 180°C for up to 2000 hours, and changes in impact strength, ten…
This paper examines methodological sources of variation in measured glass transition temperatures of amorphous polymers, with attention to their relaxation behavior and dependence on heating or cooling rate and sample pretreatment. It compares dynamic mechanical, dielectric, dilatometric, calorimetr…
The study examines the thermomechanical behavior and softening of styrene copolymers containing 5, 10, and 30 wt.% 9-ethylcarbazol-3,6-diallyl ether of dicarboxylic acid. Thermomechanical curves were measured under varied stresses and loading times using Kargin scales, and softening or glass-transit…
This study tests the thermoelectromechanical theory of polymer breakdown, which attributes the temperature-dependent decrease in polyethylene electric strength to specimen thinning under electrostatic compressive forces. The authors measured deformation in 0.05 and 0.1 mm polyethylene specimens unde…
This paper applies rank correlation analysis to experimental data on impulse breakdown voltages of polymer dielectrics and polymer, transformer oil insulation systems over a temperature range from minus 40 to plus 90 degrees Celsius. Using correlation coefficients for voltage application times from …
This paper reports experimental measurements of impulse surface flashover for solid centering insulators in transformer oil within coaxial electrode systems, motivated by the design needs of oil-filled high-voltage cables and related equipment. Polyethylene and polymethyl methacrylate specimens with…
This paper examines ways to improve the reliability of random-wound stator windings in asynchronous electric motors, focusing on turn-to-turn insulation as the dominant reliability factor. Using a previously developed probabilistic reliability model, the authors analyze the influence of enamel-wire …
This study examines the resistance of enamel insulation on winding wires to repeated impulse overvoltages that can arise during starting, stopping, and reversing of electrical machines. PETV-TS and PETV-F-35 enameled wire samples were tested in twisted specimens under impulse voltages of 4 to 8 kV, …
This study examines how cooling rate during heat treatment affects the electrical, mechanical, and supramolecular properties of high-pressure polyethylene relevant to cable insulation. Plates of unstabilized polyethylene were pressed and cooled at 1 or 10°C per minute, then tested for volume resisti…
This paper investigates ionization in gas inclusions within polyethylene insulation of power cables with unshielded sector-shaped conductors, comparing stranded and single-wire aluminum cores. Calculations estimate dangerous pore sizes for practical cable designs, and experiments on model 6 kV cores…
This paper examines the protective action and practical selection of antiozonants for insulating rubbers, focusing on natural rubber blends and butadiene based dielectric rubbers. Reviewing proposed mechanisms and presenting comparative data on ozone absorption, cracking, deformation conditions, and…
This study compares candidate rubber insulation materials for flexible high-voltage cables, where porosity and operation at fields above about 3 kV/mm can promote ionization, ozone attack, and corona deterioration. Butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubbers, several organosilicon rubbers, and a standa…
This paper addresses the selection of paper sheet thickness in paper-oil power capacitors, where dielectric strength, dimensions, durability, and material cost are interdependent. It derives analytical expressions for the volumes and costs of paper, foil, and impregnating compound as functions of op…
This paper examines how the size of gas inclusions in solid electrical insulation affects the voltage at which ionization begins, a parameter often used to estimate insulation lifetime. Using gas breakdown relations and dielectric field conditions, it derives expressions for ionization inception vol…
This paper examines how the size of gas inclusions in solid insulation affects the character and destructiveness of internal discharges. Using a cylindrical pore model, it calculates surface charge, stored specific energy, current density, electron avalanche growth, and the number of avalanches requ…
The paper addresses how switching and operating overvoltages should be included in reliability calculations for electrical insulation. It formulates insulation reliability as a probability of failure-free operation, uses a life curve relating time to breakdown to applied voltage, and treats overvolt…
The paper develops an apparatus of exponential orthogonal polynomials obtained from Jacobi polynomials by the substitution x = exp(-at), with emphasis on exponential Legendre and Chebyshev systems on the interval (0, infinity). It derives orthogonality relations, recurrence formulas, convergence con…
This paper examines methods for improving the linearity and stability of vacuum tube amplifier stages by applying concepts from sensitivity theory and invariant nonlinear automatic control. Using a single tube stage with screen grid control as the main example, the authors derive conditions under wh…
The paper estimates the parameters of non-lightning impulse overvoltages that may be most hazardous for high-voltage insulation because of reduced impulse strength near critical voltage steepness. Using approximate relations between permissible overvoltage multiples, breakdown voltage distributions,…
This paper proposes a method for estimating the parameters of impulse overvoltages that are most dangerous for high-voltage insulation, based on previously observed reductions in impulse strength at critical voltage rise rates. It treats gaseous, liquid, and solid insulating media in an idealized cl…
This paper describes apparatus developed for investigating bremsstrahlung transmission from a betatron in single-pulse and low-repetition-rate modes. It presents a thyratron-based parametric generator inserted into the betatron synchronization system to obtain single shots and adjustable pulse frequ…
This paper examines the relationship between crystal lattice binding energy and the temperature coefficient of Young’s modulus in alkali halide crystals at temperatures above the Debye temperature. Using measurements on single crystals and comparison with published data, it proposes a linear empiric…
This study examines how anion-substituting impurities affect the accumulation of stored energy in potassium chloride crystals under high-dose proton irradiation. KCl, KCl with hydroxyl impurity, and KCl with sulfide impurity were irradiated with 4.5 MeV protons, and stored energy was measured by dis…
This paper examines how the electrical conductivity and dielectric losses of KCl, KBr, and their solid solutions depend on composition when the influence of uncontrolled divalent cation impurities is reduced. Single crystals grown by the Kyropoulos method were doped with hydroxide ions, and measurem…
This study examines the accumulation and stability of stored energy in sodium chloride single crystals irradiated with 4.5 MeV protons. Using a dissolution microcalorimetry method, the authors measured stored energy as a function of absorbed dose, irradiation intensity, calcium impurity content, cry…
This paper reports experimental measurements of the electric strength of several technically purified liquid dielectrics under nanosecond voltage pulses. Transformer oil, hexane, glycerin, and distilled water were tested in point to plane and point to point electrode systems with 2 to 3 ns voltage f…
This study examines how decomposition of nonequilibrium equimolar alkali halide solid solutions affects dielectric losses, using NaCl and KCl, NaBr and KBr, and KBr and KI systems. Single crystals were quenched and then annealed while dielectric loss and conductivity were measured over selected freq…
This paper describes an apparatus developed for studying thermoluminescence, with emphasis on obtaining controlled linear heating for measurements of thermal bleaching curves. The installation combines a heating system with a photoregistration system using a photomultiplier and self-recording potent…
This study examines how defects in the cation sublattice influence radiation-induced color-center formation in alkali-halide crystals. NaCl, KCl, NaBr, and KBr crystals with varying calcium or strontium impurity contents were irradiated with 4.5 MeV protons, and the accumulation kinetics of F-, V2-,…
The paper analyzes the kinetics of F-center accumulation in pure KCl and in KCl crystals doped with PbCl2 or SrCl2 under X-ray irradiation. It formulates the accumulation process in terms of electron localization at pre-existing anion vacancies and radiation destruction of F-centers, then determines…
This paper investigates how heterovalent metal impurities affect the radiation generation of anion vacancies and F-centers in alkali halide crystals. Using 4.5 MeV proton irradiation at room temperature and optical absorption measurements, the authors compare F-center accumulation kinetics in pure N…
The paper examines size effects in the radiation coloration of filamentary NaCl and KCl crystals by measuring the X-ray-induced accumulation of F and M color centers in whiskers of different diameters, origins, and preparation histories. Microspectrophotometric absorption measurements show that F-ce…
This paper investigates the energy stored in radiation induced defects in LiF crystals irradiated in a reactor, using differential thermal annealing in a high temperature vacuum calorimeter. The authors measure stored energy release spectra for irradiation times from 0.5 to 5 hours and find annealin…
This paper examines how nearby solid dielectrics affect impulse breakdown in transformer oil when a discharge can pass partly through the oil and partly along a dielectric surface. Experiments used sharp electrodes above polymethyl methacrylate, technical glass, and high-permittivity ceramic, varyin…
This study investigates the barrier effect in technical glass under impulse voltage in a sharply nonuniform point to plane electric field. Glass specimens of varying thickness were tested in transformer oil with thin polymer films or varnish layers inserted at different positions, and breakdown volt…
This study examines how the electrical explosion of metallic wires depends on the initial capacitor voltage and on conductor material, length, and cross section. Using oscillographic measurements of current and voltage together with time-resolved shadow photography, the authors separate the explosio…
This study examines the impulse electric strength of pressed TNT and tetryl samples in relation to static electricity hazards during explosive production and use. Using a point to plane electrode system with negative single voltage impulses, the authors recorded volt second characteristics for sampl…
This paper investigates impulse electrical breakdown in series insulation systems combining transformer oil with low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, or fluoroplastic-4 over temperatures from minus 40 to plus 90 degrees C. Experiments used a sharply nonuniform point-plane field, posi…
This study examines electrical breakdown in vacuum-deposited silicon monoxide thin films with aluminum electrodes under applied voltage. Capacitor arrays with film thicknesses of 300 to 5000 angstroms were tested while measuring current and voltage, observing surface flashes, electrode burn-out, and…
This paper addresses the estimation of voltages imposed on the insulation of a high-voltage coaxial line when a pulsed-voltage generator discharges into a spark load. It develops a calculation procedure based on operational circuit equations, traveling-wave reflections, time-dependent spark resistan…
This paper examines the accuracy of measuring steep impulse voltages with sphere gaps, focusing on the influence of discharge delay at short prebreakdown times. The authors report systematic measurements of impulse breakdown voltages for 12.5 cm spheres with 4, 6, and 8 cm gaps under positive and ne…
This paper develops engineering relations for calculating a sinusoidal oscillation generator using gas discharge switching devices for loads that primarily consume reactive energy, with emphasis on excitation of a betatron electromagnet at frequencies other than 50 Hz. The analysis models the genera…
This paper examines regulation of spark breakdown delay in high-voltage nanosecond pulse gaps using the potential of an auxiliary middle electrode, rather than changing gas pressure or electrode spacing. The authors derive conditions relating the static breakdown voltages and gap lengths for control…
