Recent Papers

ON ELEMENT 72 (HAFNIUM).

ACTIONS OF LIGHT AND THE THEORY OF QUANTA[^1]

The article is a revised version of a report delivered at the 3rd Congress of the Association of Physicists in Nizhny Novgorod in September 1922.

E. v.-Angerer. Technische Kunstgriffe bei physikalischen Untersuchungen. Sammlung Vieweg H. 71. SS. VIII + 116. Vieweg, Braunschweig. 1924.

Book review: E. v. Angeret. Technische Kunstgriffe bei physikalischen Untersuchungen.

COLLISIONS OF THE SECOND KIND.

In this article we shall speak not of the collisions of the kinetic theory of gases, but precisely of those in which the quantum energy of the colliding atoms or molecules before and after the collision proves to be different.

ON THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

Duration of the Stationary States of a Molecule and the Absorption Constant

CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRONIC PHENOMENA.

Lorenz, Richard. Raumerfüllung und Ionenbeweglichkeit. Leopold Voss. Leipzig, 1922, p. 289.

Book review: Lorenz Richard. Raumerfüllung und Ionenbeweglichkeit.

The Spectrum of the Aurora Borealis and the Structure of the Upper Atmospheric Layers

Light Absorption in Bromine Vapor and in Chlorine

On the Lowest Temperature Reached to Date[^1]

Address delivered before the discussion on the production and application of cold, organized by the Faraday Society in London.

INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ANGULAR DIAMETERS OF STARS.

Luminescence in Chemical Reactions

Eberhard Buchwald.** *The Correspondence Principle.

Book review: E. Buchwald. Das Korrespondenzprinzip.

Explanation of the Colloidal State of Protein Bodies[^1]

JACQUES LOEB

THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM[^1]

On the Study of the Hydrodynamics of Steady Motion of a Viscous Fluid

Weinberg surveys the hydrodynamics of established steady motion in viscous fluids and proposes a systematic classification of cases according to steadiness, boundary geometry, motion of bounding surfaces, and the forces producing flow. The paper argues that such a classification is needed to guide t…

Quenching of Steel in a Magnetic Flux

This paper investigates whether applying an external magnetic field during steel quenching can reduce warping in long, thin steel plates, a persistent practical problem in hardening operations. Twelve annealed band-saw steel specimens were heated to 1000 degrees C and quenched in distilled water, wi…

Rim Under a Load Following an Exponential Law

This paper analyzes the rim of a pulley or flywheel subjected to a nonuniform belt load distributed according to an exponential law, a case contrasted with earlier treatments of uniformly distributed or concentrated loads. Treating each rim sector between spokes as a curved beam, the author derives …

On the Theory of Weding's Fan

This paper develops a kinematic and geometric theory of the Wedding fan, a simple rotary air blower in which an eccentrically mounted cylinder rolls inside a larger cylinder and drives a plate forming the working chamber. Using Stewart’s theorem, the author derives the equation of the capsule bounda…

Mine hoisting using the Koepe system

This article develops an approximate theoretical treatment of mine hoisting with the Koepe friction system, focusing on the reliability of load transmission between the rope and driving sheave. It derives formulas for rope tension, hoisting resistance, critical acceleration, and sheave working capac…

Theory of the Bobbin

This article develops a simplified static theory of the bobbin drum used in mine hoisting, positioning it between cylindrical and conical drums in terms of power economy. It models the winding of a flat rope as an Archimedean spiral, justifies neglecting a small term in the arc length calculation, a…

The Banki Turbine and Its Theoretical Efficiency Coefficient

This paper examines the Banki turbine, an impulse turbine characterized by double passage of water through the runner, in comparison with contemporary Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, and Lawaczeck designs. It develops a theoretical treatment of the turbine’s reduced number of revolutions and derives expres…

On the Question of Rubber Regeneration

This paper examines rubber regeneration as an economic and technical problem arising from the large volume of vulcanized rubber waste and the limited practicality of synthetic rubber production at the time. It argues that regeneration should not aim primarily at removing chemically bound sulfur from…

Some Data on Bergenia

This paper examines bergenia root as a Siberian tanning material and as a possible basis for extract production, focusing on extraction conditions, tannin content, insoluble constituents, sulfiting, and laboratory tanning performance. Experiments on Altai bergenia compared extraction at different te…

Saccharification of Starch in Molasses and Glucose Production by Boiling with Sulfuric Acid under Atmospheric Pressure

This paper investigates starch saccharification with sulfuric acid at atmospheric pressure under conditions intended to match small factory practice, especially for syrup and glucose production where pressure converters are unavailable. Using purified potato starch at about 20, 30, and 35 percent co…

Complex Salts of Organic Dyes with Silver

This study examines whether organic dyes containing amino or imino groups can form silver complexes analogous to silver ammine compounds. Through precipitation and recrystallization reactions with silver nitrate, the authors investigate auramine, Congo red, phenosafranine, and chrysoidine, using mel…

On the Problem of Adsorption. Adsorption of Organic Dyes by Clay

This study examines the adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous solution by purified Tomsk white clay, with the aim of relating adsorption behavior to dye structure and ionic character. Across several dye classes, including triphenylmethane, azo, safranine, acridine, thiazine, and phthalein dyes, th…

On the Formation of Hydrazodicarbonamide from Semicarbazide Hydrochloride

This paper examines the unexpected formation of hydrazodicarbonamide during heating of semicarbazide hydrochloride under conditions related to Zelinsky’s reagent. The authors identify the crystalline product by elemental analysis, melting behavior, and oxidation to azodicarbonamide, then compare rea…

On Some Derivatives of Anthracoumarin

This paper examines anthracoumarin as a condensed anthraquinone chromogen potentially suitable for preparing acid dyes for wool and vat dyes related to the indanthrone class. It develops a structural argument comparing anthracoumarin with pyridone-anthrone, pyrimidone-anthrone, benzanthrone derivati…

Change in the Power of Steam Engines

This paper analyzes how the effective power of a steam engine can be varied when piston dimensions and rotational speed are fixed, reducing the problem chiefly to changes in mean indicated pressure. It compares regulation by throttling, cutoff, compression, and exhaust pressure, arguing that variati…

6-Chloro-3-hydroxy-(1)-benzoic acid

This paper compares three preparative routes to 6-chloro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid, required as an intermediate for planned condensations in the anthracoumarin dye series. The authors experimentally examine chlorination and saponification of ethyl m-hydroxybenzoate, a modified route from chlorinated m-c…

On the Significance of the Electrochemical Character of Elements and Radicals in Organic Chemistry

This paper examines how the relative electrochemical character of elements and radicals can be used to interpret organic reactivity beyond cases of electrolytic dissociation. It compares substituent effects on acid and base strength, then extends the resulting qualitative series to cleavage reaction…

On Reactions of Cleavage and Formation of Double Bonds

This paper argues that many organic reactions conventionally described as direct substitutions or salt-like exchange processes are better interpreted as initial addition to a double bond followed by rapid elimination. Tronov applies this view to nitration, sulfonation, hydrolysis and aminolysis of a…

Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Dielectrics

This paper examines how temperature affects the electrical conductivity of liquid dielectrics, distinguishing between purified liquids, where changes are mainly attributed to ionic mobility through viscosity, and impure liquids, where dissolved substances and their dissociation complicate the effect…

Residual Charge Phenomenon in Liquid Dielectrics

This paper examines residual charge in liquid dielectrics, situating the phenomenon within earlier interpretations by Hertz, Quincke, and Curie’s superposition law for dielectrics. Kuznetsov reports unsuccessful attempts to obtain quantitative residual-current measurements in petroleum, toluene, and…

On the Change in Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Dielectrics over Time

This paper develops a theoretical account of how the electrical conductivity of a very pure liquid dielectric changes with time when ions are created, recombine, diffuse, and are removed at metallic electrodes under an applied voltage. Starting from balance equations for ion concentration, it formul…

Piezoelectric quartz and its application for measuring very weak electric currents

This paper describes the construction and use of Curie piezoelectric quartz as a standard for measuring extremely weak electric currents. It reviews the piezoelectric relation between applied load and generated charge, discusses determinations of the quartz constant, and explains the Curie compensat…

Effect of gases absorbed by electrodes on the electrical conductivity of liquid dielectrics

This paper examines how gases occluded in electrodes can distort measurements of electrical conductivity in liquid dielectrics. Drawing on Schröder’s experiments with ether and on the author’s observations with petroleum, toluene, kerosene fractions, and benzine, it argues that absorbed gases releas…

Electrical Conductivity of Pure Toluene

This paper investigates the relation between current and applied potential difference in highly purified toluene as a liquid dielectric. Kuznetsov describes purification procedures, a guarded brass condenser with nickel-plated electrodes, Bronson’s method for measuring small currents, and comparativ…

On the Study of the Behavior of a Solid Body Beyond the Elastic Limit

This paper reports Weinberg’s experimental study of lead as a model soft metal undergoing deformation beyond the elastic limit, with attention to internal friction, relaxation, and stationary regimes under constant force, constant moment, constant deformation, and constant angular velocity. It descr…

Heat Transfer in a Polytropic Process

This paper examines the thermodynamic meaning of the polytropic relation pv^n = const. and its connection with heat exchange, work, and internal energy. It derives the standard relations for constant heat capacity, then shows that when heat capacity varies with temperature, different assumptions abo…

ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC SPECTROSCOPY.

Crystal Structure of Ammonium Halide Salts

Source of a Continuous Ultraviolet Spectrum.

In Memory of D. A. Goldhammer.

A New Optical Property of Biaxial Crystals

Thermal Radiation of Gases and Spectra of Luminaries