SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
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The study examines the angular distribution and energy content of scattered radiation from a 25 MeV betatron, focusing on whether radiation at large angles is only low energy. Integral gamma intensity was measured with an ionization chamber, while the high energy component was assessed through induc…
This paper reports measurements of relative yields of photoneutron producing \((\gamma,n)\) reactions for selected light isotopes of elements from carbon to erbium under 25 MeV betatron bremsstrahlung. Induced activities were measured with a beta counter, normalized to irradiation dose and to one mo…
This paper reports measurements of photoneutron reaction thresholds for thirteen isotopes of barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium using bremsstrahlung gamma radiation from a betatron. Neutron yields were determined mainly by direct neutron registration with coincidence ph…
This paper reports measurements of threshold energies for photonuclear neutron emission reactions in the rare earth isotopes Pr-141, Nd-150, and Gd-160. Using a 25 MeV betatron, bremsstrahlung irradiation, direct neutron registration, shielding against external neutrons, and calibration against know…
This paper investigates exposure duration for radiographic inspection of steel using X-rays from a 25 MeV betatron. It combines attenuation measurements, film characteristic curves, and photometric evaluation to determine the radiation doses needed to obtain specified optical densities for steel abs…
This study examines how metallic and fluorescent intensifying screens affect the sensitivity, exposure time, and defect detectability of X-ray films used with hard radiation of about 25 MeV in steel radiography. Through comparative exposures using lead screens of varied thickness, calcium tungstate …
The paper describes the design and use of an automatic pulse-counting relay intended to work with a DIGD dosimeter-integrator during betatron irradiation. It addresses the need to deliver prescribed integral gamma-radiation doses without continuous operator monitoring, especially in radiographic ins…
This article formulates technical requirements for betatrons intended for radiographic flaw detection in thick-walled steel products under factory conditions. It argues that accelerators with adjustable maximum radiation energy, especially in the 25 to 30 MeV range, provide a practical balance betwe…
This article reviews the industrial use of hard X-rays for nondestructive radiography and examines how the radiation energy range should be selected for inspecting materials of different thickness and absorption. It combines practical comparisons of exposure times and image quality with a discussion…
This paper experimentally investigates the angular distribution of radiation from a 10 MeV betatron using ionization chambers positioned around the target at a fixed radius. The measured hard bremsstrahlung beam shows a sharp forward maximum along the electron beam direction, with half-intensity ang…
This paper describes the design and performance of a dosimeter intended for point dose measurements in superhard bremsstrahlung fields from betatrons and synchrotrons, where conventional large-volume ionization chambers are unsuitable. The instrument combines a 1 cubic centimeter graphite thimble io…
This paper develops a nonlinear treatment of radial-phase oscillations in high-energy electron accelerators with synchrotron radiation included. Using phase-plane analysis, separatrix equations, and an adiabatic invariant, it examines damping for finite phase oscillations and then estimates the ener…
This paper analyzes radial phase oscillations in weak focusing high energy electron synchrotrons when the quantum character of synchrotron radiation is included. Starting from the energy balance equation, it derives expressions for the mean square phase deviation over the acceleration cycle, examine…
This paper develops a nonlinear treatment of phase oscillations in electron synchrotrons excited by quantum fluctuations of synchrotron radiation, addressing the inadequacy of linear theory for estimating electron losses near the finite phase stability boundaries. Starting from a nonlinear stochasti…
This paper examines alternative designs for 300 to 400 MeV electron synchrotrons that retain preliminary induction acceleration while avoiding the drawbacks of conventional saturating central cores, including poor access to the inter-pole space, field inhomogeneities from magnetic-circuit cuts, and …
This paper proposes using the accelerating chamber itself as an annular cavity resonator or waveguide for charged-particle acceleration, rather than installing a separate cavity resonator in the chamber. It outlines possible excitation schemes, including standing waves, traveling waves, and a high-f…
This paper examines induction acceleration in betatron-type electromagnets whose closed electron orbit includes straight sections, focusing on how the accelerating vortex electric field must relate to a guiding magnetic field with nonuniform curvature. It derives a modified betatron condition in whi…
This paper examines pulse modulators with output pulse transformers, where uniform artificial forming lines can produce distorted load-voltage pulses because transformer requirements for a steep front and a flat pulse top are contradictory. It proposes replacing the uniform ladder line with a nonuni…
This paper examines the use of ring electrodes, rather than coaxial resonators, as the accelerating device in an electron synchrotron. It argues analytically that acceleration by such electrodes is possible despite the presence of return fields, since the net energy gain per revolution equals the ga…
This paper examines quarter-wave wire coaxial resonators for 15 to 30 MeV electron synchrotrons, focusing on the reduction of quality factor caused by unequal wire lengths in bent resonator geometries. It models the resonator as a system of coupled two-wire lines and proposes two compensation method…
This paper evaluates injector options for high-energy electron synchrotrons and proposes the betatron as a practical alternative to pulse transformers, rectified-voltage generators, microtrons, and traveling-wave linear accelerators. It compares the attainable electron number, injection energy, ener…
This paper describes an electrostatic method for extracting accelerated electrons from a 15 MeV betatron into air for use as a high-energy electron source. It details the design and adjustment of the vacuum chamber, above-orbit injector, exit window, deflecting capacitor, and pulsed high-voltage sup…
This paper reports experiments on extracting a 10 MeV electron beam from a betatron without placing an extraction device inside the vacuum chamber. The method displaces the equilibrium orbit by pulsed magnetic windings until electrons leave the focusing region and pass through an exit window, and th…
This paper examines the extraction of accelerated electron beams from a betatron by means of a magnetic shunt that forms a low-field channel outside the equilibrium orbit. It discusses the design criteria for the shunt, including channel dimensions, saturation limits, field perturbation, and placeme…
This paper describes the design, manufacture, and operation of vacuum accelerating chambers for 15 to 25 MeV betatrons. It outlines requirements for chamber materials and geometry, glass and porcelain fabrication methods, preparation of conducting inner coatings, and comparative tests of several ele…
This paper describes the construction and performance of three-electrode electron injectors used in 5 to 25 MeV betatrons, with emphasis on designs suitable for injection voltages up to about 60 kV. It details the fabrication of the tantalum anode and focusing cylinder, tungsten or thoriated-tungste…
This paper examines how betatron injector geometry and electrode conditions affect electron beam formation, cathode lifetime, emission, and electrical strength. Several injector variants are compared using electrolytic bath field mapping, observation of the first electron turn in a betatron-like mag…
This paper develops a density equation for stationary electron beams in electron-optical focusing systems, treating space-charge interaction through an equivalent charge density associated with the focusing field. The method is applied to longitudinal and transverse electron interactions, including …
This paper investigates whether a closed electron beam can exist in a constant betatron type focusing magnetic field, a question relevant to theories of electron capture and proposed accelerator designs. Using a betatron pole electromagnet, Faraday cylinder measurements, and later an inductive picku…
This paper examines whether electrons injected into a betatron are significantly intercepted by the injector, a problem that one-electron theory had treated as unavoidable. Using a direct-current model of a 15 MeV betatron electromagnet with pulsed injector supply, the author measures current on a s…
This paper examines the factors governing electron capture into acceleration in a betatron, arguing that single-particle theory and explanations based mainly on injector bypassing do not adequately account for observed radiation output. Building on Rodimov’s treatment, it emphasizes electrostatic in…
This paper reports experimental studies of electron capture into betatron acceleration as a function of the injection voltage pulse shape. Using a 15 MeV betatron, the author altered the output of an artificial pulse forming line by short circuiting selected coils, producing two peak pulses, and mea…
This paper examines how the radiation intensity of an alternating-current betatron depends on the frequency of the supply current, a design question complicated by competing effects on electron capture and acceleration. The author discusses theoretical and technical factors that may increase, leave …
This paper examines the feasibility of operating ignitrons in parallel for producing large, timed current pulses from a capacitor bank, where nonsimultaneous firing can be significant relative to pulse duration. The authors describe an experimental circuit using two I-100/1000 ignitrons, thyratron-c…
This paper analyzes a circuit for suppressing reverse voltage in pulsed electromagnet power supplies using gas-discharge switching valves. It models the transient behavior when an additional valve with a series resistance is connected in parallel with the capacitor bank, deriving conditions for aper…
This paper presents a calculation method for a compensating transformer used to cancel the electromotive force induced in the direct-current winding of a betatron electromagnet with direct-current biasing. The authors derive relations for the transformer turns, winding currents, core cross section, …
This paper proposes and analyzes a simplified injection circuit for a pulsed betatron that uses the initial voltage surge across the electromagnet coils to generate the electron gun pulse. The circuit, consisting chiefly of a pulse transformer, capacitor, and variable resistor, is modeled through si…
This paper describes an accessory unit developed to provide periodic triggered sweep operation for OK-17M and EO-7 electronic oscilloscopes, motivated by the need to observe periodic pulses in betatron studies rather than only single pulses. The circuit uses a line-synchronized multivibrator, a cath…
This paper describes a triggering and comparison circuit developed for Tomsk Polytechnic Institute betatrons to control the maximum energy of X-rays with higher precision than earlier published schemes. The design replaces the direct-current amplifier used in a prior circuit with a millivolt-level d…
This paper describes an electronic circuit for stabilizing the high pulsed injection voltage of a betatron, a requirement for maintaining stable betatron radiation. The proposed compensating automatic regulation system uses vacuum-tube amplification, diode rectification, a reference-voltage source, …
This paper analyzes causes of instability in betatron radiation, emphasizing fluctuations in line voltage and their effect on electron injection timing, capture, and extraction energy. It develops matching conditions between injection voltage, magnetic-field amplitude, and injection phase, comparing…
This paper discusses stabilization of electron emission current in electrovacuum devices, focusing on limitations of a conventional regulating tube circuit and on an alternative stabilizer developed for the pulsed electron gun current of a betatron. The proposed circuit uses a choke type magnetic am…
This paper examines simplified charging circuits for electron injection and displacement in a betatron when the charging transformer frequency is equal to, or a multiple of, the betatron electromagnet supply frequency. It develops transient equations for a resistance capacitance charging circuit wit…
This paper examines how radiation damping affects the radial displacement of high-energy electrons in a betatron when they are directed onto a target. Using the equations of motion and following the method of Artsimovich and Pomeranchuk, it derives expressions for orbit contraction due to radiation …
This paper presents a calculation procedure for the electron displacement, or bias, circuit used to eject accelerated electrons from the equilibrium orbit of a betatron onto a target. It compares several magnetic displacement methods, including changes in total flux, local field reduction, azimuthal…
This article develops an engineering calculation procedure for the electron injection circuit of a betatron using an artificial pulse-forming line, a thyratron switch, and an iron-core pulse transformer. It derives design relations for the discharge circuit, including transformer core volume, windin…
This paper derives a design expression for the machine constant of inductive-type parametric generators, emphasizing its role in determining the principal machine dimensions, rotor diameter and active length. It argues that earlier formulations based on active power are incomplete for parametric gen…
This paper examines the use of an inductive parametric generator to excite the resonant power circuit of a betatron electromagnet, whose load is predominantly reactive. It argues that the usual disadvantages of parametric generators, especially low power factor and the need for capacitance, are less…
This paper argues that the field fall off index alone gives an incomplete description of focusing in betatron and synchrotron guide fields, and proposes the potential function of the focusing forces as a more informative representation. It presents a graphical method for constructing sections and eq…
This paper addresses the choice of injector and target positions and the required injection voltage in betatrons whose magnetic fields contain static and phase inhomogeneities. It develops a method for reconstructing the instantaneous magnetic-field structure from measured amplitude, static, and pha…
