SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This study evaluates the quality of high-speed steel drills subjected to several industrial tempering schedules, comparing standard triple tempering with shorter double-tempering treatments used on plant equipment. Drills made from R18, R6M3, and R6M5 steels were tested for hardness, microstructure,…
This paper critiques the Hollomon and Jaffe time temperature parameter for describing changes in hardened steel properties during tempering, arguing that its assumptions about activation energy and process constants are theoretically and practically problematic. The authors propose using the classic…
This study examines dispersion hardening in a cast iron, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum tool alloy during two-stage tempering, with attention to the earliest stages of aging from very short holding times. Hardness changes were measured after single-stage tempering and after preliminary low-temperature…
This paper examines hardening behavior in a precipitation-hardening iron-cobalt-tungsten alloy during two-stage tempering, using hardness measurements on an alloy containing 25 percent cobalt and 25 percent tungsten. By comparing single-stage tempering with preliminary low-temperature tempering foll…
This paper examines how families of circular sections of quadric surfaces can be used to solve positional problems in descriptive geometry. Through a sequence of worked constructions, it treats missing projections of points, tangent lines and planes, plane sections, intersections of lines with surfa…
This paper examines how the inclination of a plane cutting a cone determines the ratio of the axes of the resulting elliptical section. Using descriptive geometric constructions for cones with a common base, it identifies the locus of endpoints of the minor axes as a parabola and derives its horizon…
This article examines the organization and workload of students’ independent homework in a descriptive geometry course at a technical institute. Using time studies conducted in selected student groups in the 1966/67 and 1969/70 academic years, the authors compare the time required for weekly and maj…
The article addresses the need for methodological guides to support full-time students’ independent completion of large homework assignments in descriptive geometry, given limited classroom time for detailed explanation. Drawing on the experience of the Department of Descriptive Geometry at Tomsk Po…
This article argues for the historical study of axonometry as a major branch of descriptive geometry, understood in connection with both mathematics and technology. Reviewing Soviet discussions on the history of science and surveying textbooks, monographs, dissertations, and historical works on engi…
This paper examines the pedagogical use of educational motion pictures in a descriptive geometry course, where students must relate planar drawings to spatial objects and operations. Drawing on experience at Tomsk Polytechnic Institute and on several available films, it compares film content, durati…
This article surveys Soviet research on axonometry from the mid 1950s through the 1960s, emphasizing developments that followed earlier accounts of parallel and central axonometric projection. It reviews theoretical work on Pohlke’s theorem, distortion coefficients, curvilinear and panoramic axonome…
The paper compares the European and American arrangements of orthogonal projections in engineering drawings, focusing on first-angle projection, adopted in the USSR, and the alternative system associated with American practice. It reviews their geometric basis, possible ambiguities in reading two-vi…
This article surveys selected Soviet work on axonometry, with particular attention to the Kruppa problem and the fundamental theorem of central axonometry. It compares synthetic, metric, coordinate, and multidimensional approaches by authors including Kotov, Ryunk, Pervikova, Manevich, Beskin, Borod…
The article applies the method of most advantageous projection to simplify the graphical construction of axonometric images from only two orthogonal projections of an object, the horizontal and frontal views. It derives construction procedures for orthogonal isometry, orthogonal dimetry, frontal obl…
This paper surveys research on axonometry in Russia and the Soviet Union, arguing that the field should not be defined primarily by visual clarity but by coordinate-based parallel or central representation constructed at a specified axonometric scale. It reviews the emergence of axonometric projecti…
This study examines how alkali metal hydroxide additives affect the granulation, mechanical strength, and carbon dioxide adsorption properties of active magnesium oxide prepared from basic magnesium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate mixtures containing sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, or cesium hy…
This study examines the use of clay binders to granulate magnesium oxide based adsorbents, addressing problems associated with powdered sorbents such as low bed permeability, entrainment, and caking. Granules prepared from magnesium carbonate containing potassium hydroxide were formed on a laborator…
This paper reports the synthesis of previously undescribed acyl derivatives of 1-benzylsemicarbazide, motivated by structural features associated in earlier studies with anticonvulsant activity, including benzyl, hydrazine, urea, and acyl-containing fragments. The authors prepared six 1-benzyl-4-acy…
This paper reports the preparation of p-iodo-N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline, a hydroxyethylated iodoaniline not described in the cited literature and considered potentially useful as an intermediate for chloroethyl antitumor compounds. Two synthetic routes from p-iodoaniline were examined: reaction …
This paper addresses the preparation of iodonitro derivatives of benzene and diphenyl, noting that earlier routes required highly concentrated acids, multiple steps, or gave low yields. It proposes a one-stage synthesis based on the simultaneous action of iodine and a sulfuric, nitric acid mixture i…
This study examines how liquid viscosity, varied through temperature, affects the residual moisture of filter cake during filtration of grade G coal slurries. Laboratory tests were conducted after removing fine clay particles, with filtration performed either by heating the whole pulp or by heating …
This paper addresses the determination of kinetic parameters for thermal decomposition of solid fuels using derivatographic data, with attention to simplifying calculations from DTA, DTG, and TG curves. Assuming that decomposition of solid combustible minerals can often be formally described as a fi…
This study examines how a nonuniform electrostatic field affects heat transfer and flow hydrodynamics in a vertical tube-in-tube heat exchanger with air flowing through the annular space under laminar conditions. Experiments varied air velocity and electrode voltage while measuring wall and air temp…
This study addresses the need for highly sensitive control of heavy metal ultramicroimpurities in complexing agents used to clean semiconductor surfaces. The authors investigate amalgam polarographic determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, In, and Zn in morin and quinalizarin solutions using a mercury film cat…
This study examines how preliminary heat treatment temperature affects the incorporation of zirconium and titanium oxides into alumina-based charges, a factor considered important for the homogeneity and quality of alloyed corundums. Mixtures containing alumina with small additions of zirconium oxid…
A potentiometric method is proposed for determining the unsaturation, and hence monomer content, of 9-vinylcarbazole in colored or turbid solutions where existing analytical procedures are unsuitable. The method is based on rapid addition of mercury acetate to the vinyl group in methanol, with the e…
The study examines the previously unsuccessful Fries-Rosenmund rearrangement of N-acetyldiphenylamine under acidic Lewis acid conditions. Using equimolar aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride in several organic solvents, the authors found that the reaction proceeds intermolecularly to give diacety…
This study examines the composition of liquid products formed by synthesis from carbon monoxide and steam over an iron, copper catalyst at elevated pressures. Using distillation, chemical analysis, chromatography, and spectral studies, the authors compare product fractions and functional group compo…
This study examines methods for improving the thermal shock resistance and mechanical strength of forsterite ceramics while preserving their dielectric properties. It investigates the formation of fine-crystalline forsterite from talc, talc products, and magnesium oxide, using small additions of str…
This study examines solid-phase synthesis and sintering of magnesium aluminate spinel as a function of component ratio, mixing method, particle dispersity, firing temperature, atmosphere, and microadditives. X-ray phase analysis, shrinkage, water absorption, and lattice-parameter measurements were u…
This study examines optimization of dish granulation conditions for superphosphate, addressing the low industrial yield of standard 1 to 5 mm granules. Using production samples from the Dzhambul superphosphate plant, the authors tested granulation on a 1 m dish granulator while varying dish inclinat…
This study examines how bentonite, the polymeric structure-forming agent K-4, and lignin affect the pelletizing behavior and thermal stability of green iron ore pellets made from magnetite concentrate and related plant materials. Pellets prepared on a disk granulator from burdens with different addi…
This paper evaluates methods for treating spent ferric chloride etching solutions from printed circuit board production, containing iron and copper chlorides. Laboratory experiments compare copper recovery by cementation on iron shavings, ammoniacal processing with separation of iron hydroxides and …
This study examines the sorption of selected heavy metal ions by placer minerals, focusing on ilmenite and zircon whose grain surfaces may carry clayey films capable of accumulating metals. Purified mineral fractions were exposed for two years to salt solutions, after which copper, lead, and zinc co…
This paper describes the development and testing of a laboratory-scale continuous unit for treating acidic wastewater from electroplating and pickling operations containing heavy-metal ions and chromium compounds. Based on prior evaluation of treatment options, the proposed scheme mixes spent pickli…
This paper examines how small polyethylene oxide additions affect hydraulic resistance in turbulent water flow through the annular channel of a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Pressure drop, flow rate, and temperature were measured in a stabilized section over Reynolds numbers of about 10,000 to 40,000…
This paper reports an experimental study of heat transfer and hydraulic resistance in descending gas and gas-liquid flow through a vertical tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Air was passed through the annular space, with steam condensing in the inner tube, and subsequent two-phase tests introduced atomiz…
This paper examines the relation between mean driving forces in cocurrent and countercurrent mass transfer processes. It extends a standard proof, which required both operating and equilibrium lines to be linear, by retaining linear operating lines while allowing the equilibrium relation between pha…
This paper examines direct electric heating as an alternative to furnace gas heating for concentrating sulfuric acid, with attention to reducing decomposition, entrainment, corrosion, and equipment bulk. It reports experimental measurements of specific boundary resistance in sulfuric acid solutions …
This paper presents a calculation method for evaporation equipment using direct electric heating, in which heat is generated within the processed solution by current flow rather than transferred through a wall. It formulates the heat release and equipment power from the heat balance and Joule heatin…
This study examines the passage of industrial-frequency alternating current through sodium hydroxide solutions in the context of direct electric heating for caustic soda evaporation. Using a measuring cell with plane-parallel graphite electrodes, the authors measured total cell voltage and solution …
This paper analyzes the production of chromium electrocorundum in electric arc furnaces at the Yurga Abrasives Plant through measured material and heat balances. It identifies causes of chemical heterogeneity and material loss, including imperfect charge preparation, segregation during transport and…
This study examines how the particle size of quartz raw material affects the kinetics of silicon carbide formation through the reaction of silica with carbon at 1460 to 1580°C. Gas evolution measurements were used to compare fine Tashlinsk sand, Glukhovets quartzite fractions, and two-layer quartz, …
This paper examines chemical beneficiation of granular chromium electrocorundum contaminated with metallic chromium, iron, carbides, and related acid soluble impurities. Samples were boiled with hydrochloric acid of varying concentrations and treatment times, then separated into enriched corundum an…
This paper investigates ceramic materials for high-frequency technology based on the clinoenstatite to diopside compositional series. Minerals with varying calcium and magnesium oxide ratios were synthesized from both pure chemical reagents and natural raw materials, including talc and tremolite, us…
This paper develops an analytical treatment of evaporation in the thin liquid microlayer beneath a vapor bubble on a heated wall, a process important for bubble growth and boiling heat transfer. The authors formulate a one-dimensional Stefan-type heat conduction problem for the wall and microlayer a…
This paper analyzes the interaction of thermal radiation with unsteady laminar boundary layers of a nonabsorbing fluid flowing over a heat-radiating plate under natural and forced convection. Using integral boundary-layer approximations, polynomial temperature and velocity profiles, and characterist…
This paper develops a theoretical description of electrochemical processes at a mercury graphite electrode formed by preliminary electrolysis, focusing on the kinetics and mechanism of mercury deposition on graphite. The authors model deposition as governed by nucleation and nucleus growth, deriving…
This study examines the use of aryl iodide dichlorides as controllable chlorine sources for obtaining monochlorinated diphenyl derivatives, a reaction otherwise prone to di- and polychlorination with molecular chlorine. The authors prepared o-iododiphenyl, converted it nearly quantitatively to o-iod…
The study examines the kinetics and probable mechanism of direct iodination of benzene in acetic acid in the presence of mixed nitric and sulfuric acids, using benzene as a model substrate to avoid side reactions. Iodine consumption was followed spectrophotometrically after extraction into carbon te…
