SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 680 papers in Earth & Space Sciences
This paper addresses the calculation of mean vertical sound speed profiles in the ocean, arguing that least squares averaging at standard depth levels can yield profiles with large scatter and unreliable acoustic implications. It proposes a method based on characteristic points, in which individual …
This study investigates radioactive cosmogenic isotopes in the Sikhote-Alin meteorite in order to estimate its cosmic age, defined as the time it existed as an isolated body exposed to cosmic radiation. Low-background Geiger-Müller counting was used to measure tritium and argon-39 activities in rece…
This paper reports continuous shipboard measurements of incoming solar radiant heat over the ocean during the voyage of the diesel-electric ship Ob’ from Antarctica to the Baltic Sea, spanning approximately 64 degrees S to 60 degrees N latitude. A Shuleikin solarigraph, calibrated against pyranomete…
This paper examines whether available geophysical and laboratory data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Earth’s core consists mainly of iron. Using a high pressure equation of state for iron, the author calculates density, pressure, temperature, and longitudinal wave velocity distributions…
This paper presents model calculations of the Moon’s thermal evolution assuming formation by accretion of cold bodies, with heating dominated by radioactive decay rather than impacts or compression. Using two estimates of meteoritic radioactive element abundances, temperature-dependent thermal condu…
This paper reexamines the criterion for gravitational instability in flat, axially symmetric rotating clouds, arguing that earlier treatments based on infinite extension along the rotation axis underestimate the critical density. The analysis calculates the radial gravitational force of ring-shaped …
The paper addresses the problem of determining absolute elevations of the Antarctic ice dome, where conventional leveling is impractical and barometric methods are distorted by pressure anomalies associated with the cold air layer. It proposes and tests an aircraft-based method in which flight altit…
This paper develops a method for solving a proposed equation describing the influence of bottom relief on bends in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, for prescribed current transport and zonal wind stress. The bottom topography is treated as a smoothed large-scale field obtained by harmonic approxim…
The paper derives a closed form solution for the turbulent diffusion equation describing the spread of an impurity from an instantaneous point source in a stratified atmosphere with constant horizontal transport and diffusion coefficients and a prescribed height dependent vertical wind component nea…
This paper reports measurements of charged particles made with four three-electrode traps aboard the second Soviet space rocket launched toward the Moon in September 1959, with comparison to related observations from the first and third rockets. The apparatus used biased grids and collectors to dist…
This paper examines the surface heat balance of the Fedchenko Glacier during the summer melting season, comparing a firn area at 5000 m with an exposed ice ablation area at 3800 m. Using gradient measurements of wind speed, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, it estimates radiative, turbulen…
This paper examines the relationship between solar corpuscular streams and sequences of geomagnetic activity termed families of geomagnetic storms, using 1957 to 1959 International Geophysical Year magnetograms from Srednikan, Eskdalemuir, and Little America. It argues that a single stream can produ…
This study examines how hydrostatic pressure up to 4000 kg/cm² affects the elastic properties of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock samples. Ultrasonic pulse measurements of longitudinal-wave velocities in rod and unbounded-medium conditions were used to calculate transverse-wave velocities,…
This paper examines the excitation of oceanic microseisms associated with cyclonic and storm activity in the Atlantic and Pacific regions, using observations from seismic stations participating in the International Geophysical Year. It applies a previously developed source-location method based on s…
This paper addresses the disputed magnitude of neutron radiation from rocks relative to cosmic-ray neutrons at sea level. Using published data on cosmic-ray neutron production and available measurements of neutron yields from alpha-particle interactions in granite, the authors estimate neutron produ…
This paper models the displacement of the crystallization front in a supercooled cloud seeded with solid carbon dioxide. Starting from a diffusion and vapor-transfer description of ice nucleus propagation, droplet evaporation, and sublimational crystal growth, the authors simplify the governing equa…
Interferometric observations at Loparskaya during winter 1958 to 1959 were used to measure Doppler widths of the forbidden auroral emissions 6300 Å [O I] and 5198 to 5200 Å [N I] with a Fabry-Perot interferometer and calibrated instrumental contours. The paper discusses the conditions under which li…
The paper develops a nonlinear formulation for the plane unsteady wind generated above an inclined thermally homogeneous surface with prescribed time-dependent surface temperature. Assuming constant turbulent viscosity and thermal conductivity, it introduces scaled variables and represents velocity …
This paper presents a hydrodynamic method for long range forecasting of mean monthly temperature anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere using aerological data made available during the International Geophysical Year. The approach linearizes the heat inflow and vorticity equations about zonal circula…
This paper formulates a quantitative model for the development of wind-driven currents and mass redistribution in a baroclinic ocean, with particular attention to the relative roles of density advection and vertical diffusion. Starting from layered ocean equations, the author derives governing relat…
This paper examines the electron temperature of a hydrogen medium in a stellar atmosphere or limited atmospheric volume where ionization is driven by short wavelength synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons. Using stationarity and radiative equilibrium conditions, with photoionization from…
The paper derives formulas for evaporation from a bounded rectangular water surface while accounting for horizontal turbulent mixing both along and across the wind, together with vertical exchange and wind profiles represented by power laws in height. Using a previously introduced method that combin…
This paper proposes a temperature diagnostic for hot stars and nebulae based on the emission spectrum of N III, especially lines arising from configurations associated with the excited N IV state. It estimates photoionization probabilities for removal of 2p and 2s electrons using absorption coeffici…
This study investigates frequency spectra of the vertical component of wind velocity in the atmospheric surface layer, with attention to their dependence on stability and similarity parameters. Measurements were made at 1 and 4 m over open steppe using an acoustic microanemometer and a half-octave f…
This paper examines how changes in the Earth’s polar compression may generate stresses in a spherical crustal layer and contribute to the formation of planetary deep faults. Using an axisymmetric elastic model with a stress-free outer surface and prescribed displacements at the inner boundary, the a…
This paper reports an experimental test of a hypothesis that magnetic declination is partly produced by electric currents in the ocean, with an additional contribution from ionospheric currents associated with the distribution of continents and oceans. Measurements were made in the tropical Atlantic…
This study examines the concentration and isotopic composition of lead in representative iron meteorites, including octahedrites, hexahedrites, ataxites, and troilite inclusions. Using chemical isolation and mass spectrometric measurements, the authors analyzed metallic phases from 12 meteorites and…
This paper proposes synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons in nebular magnetic fields as an explanation for the luminosity, morphology, variability, spectra, and polarization of cometary nebulae. It argues that electrons ejected from magnetic polar regions of the central star can radiate …
This paper completes an X-ray structural analysis of hurlbutite, CaBe2P2O8, by refining the previously uncertain atomic x coordinates from electron-density projections and presenting a full set of atomic parameters for its monoclinic pseudorhombic cell. The authors describe hurlbutite as a framework…
This paper examines how the structure of iron meteorites, especially the width of kamacite lamellae, depends on nickel content and on gallium and germanium groupings. By plotting published metallographic and chemical data, the author argues that the broad, ambiguous relation between structure and ni…
The paper examines how aerosol particle concentrations decrease with height in the free atmosphere and questions the adequacy of a standard turbulent diffusion formula based only on gravitational settling. Using aircraft measurements of large and giant particle fractions at heights up to 3000 m, the…
This paper interprets regional deep seismic sounding data collected in 1956 to 1959 along reference profiles in the southeastern Russian Platform, focusing on hodographs and wave groups recorded at overcritical shot to instrument distances. Using kinematic and dynamic criteria, time field constructi…
This paper presents results of 1959 deep seismic sounding along the Amu Darya, Karabekaul to Nuratau profile in the Bukhara region, aimed at clarifying the Paleozoic basement relief, major crustal boundaries, and the geological meaning of gravity and magnetic anomalies. Using a low-frequency correla…
This paper examines indirect relationships between modern vertical movements of the Earth’s crust and natural geophysical fields, focusing on Bouguer gravity anomalies as mediated by geostructural elements. Using published repeated leveling results and gravimetric data from the Caspian Sea basin and…
The paper addresses the difficulty of measuring absorption spectra of optically anisotropic mineral microcrystals in polarized light, especially when available spectrophotometers require relatively large crystals or time-consuming calculations. It describes a microspectrophotometric setup combining …
This paper examines approximate numerical solutions of the nonlinear vorticity equation used in the geostrophic description of middle tropospheric motion, with attention to its role as a test equation for baroclinic computational schemes. The author reformulates the time discretization as an implici…
This paper reports an observational search for faint outer shells around planetary nebulae, motivated by a model in which nebulae evolve from single-shell objects through a double-shell phase and later appear ring-shaped as the outer shell fades. Examination of Palomar Observatory sky-survey photogr…
This paper reports an electron diffraction determination of the structure of a structurally well ordered triclinic kaolinite sample, addressing difficulties caused by pseudosymmetry, reflection coincidences, and anomalous intensity distributions. Electron diffraction patterns from textures and singl…
This paper reports direct measurements of radioactivity in Atlantic Ocean waters made during the sixth voyage of the research vessel Mikhail Lomonosov in October 1959, using a scintillation spectrometer constructed at Moscow State University. The instrument measured depth distributions in the upper …
This paper addresses the forecasting of smoothed meteorological fields at the middle level of the atmosphere using the absolute vorticity transport equation for the stream function. Treating the motion as turbulent, it develops a cumulant-statistical formulation following Keller’s closure assumption…
This paper examines the potassium-bearing character of the Tuz-Tag salt deposit in Tuva, a thick salt-bearing formation associated with ancient marine basins. The authors surveyed exposed salt beds, sampled colored interlayers, and reanalyzed preserved drill cores from several boreholes, using chemi…
This paper reports preliminary measurements of cosmic radiation made aboard the second artificial Earth satellite using two independent charged-particle counter instruments. The authors compare counting rates from direct and reverse orbits to estimate altitude effects, discuss contributions from Ear…
This paper investigates large-scale inhomogeneities in the ionospheric F2 layer, whose structure and motion affect radio-wave reflection but had been difficult to measure with existing group-delay and angle-of-arrival methods. The authors apply an integral phase method using three synchronized ionos…
This paper proposes a “lunar” radio interferometer in which radio waves from a compact cosmic source reach Earth both directly and after refraction in the Moon’s rarefied ionosphere, allowing the Moon to act as an effective second antenna. The author derives expressions for the received intensity as…
The paper addresses the calculation of horizontal turbulent diffusion of impurity patches in the sea, criticizing the common use of a constant diffusion coefficient and adopting the Richardson four thirds power law in which diffusivity depends on patch scale. Under assumptions of horizontal isotropy…
This paper examines recurrent variations in cosmic ray intensity in the stratosphere associated with solar rotation, using balloon borne RK-1 radiosonde measurements conducted during 1957 and early 1958 at geomagnetic latitudes near Moscow and in the Murmansk region. The authors describe the instrum…
This paper reports high-altitude measurements of extensive atmospheric showers of cosmic radiation conducted in 1955 using hodoscopic counters, underground penetrating-particle detectors, a Wilson chamber, and ionization chambers with variable filters. The study determined shower axes and particle n…
Observations made in October and November 1957 in the Libyan Desert near Aswan examined atmospheric transparency, sky brightness, and polarization under cloudless desert conditions. Using solar radiation measurements and visual photometry with a yellow filter and polaroid, the study found unusually …
This paper examines whether slow neutrons in the ionospheric F2 layer could contribute to residual nighttime ionization through beta decay, and considers how their concentration might be measured directly. Using order of magnitude estimates, it relates a neutron concentration near 1 per cubic centim…
