SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 680 papers in Earth & Space Sciences
This paper reports continuous cosmic-ray observations at Yakutsk during the solar-associated disturbances of November 12 to 17, 1960, when three large neutron-component flares, hard-component decreases, radio absorption, and a major magnetic storm were recorded. Using neutron monitor, ionization cha…
This paper examines whether mean Faye gravity anomalies can be used to infer isostatic compensation where direct calculation of isostatic anomalies is difficult. Using published data for 2210 continental stations and 596 oceanic stations, it analyzes the correlation between the difference of Faye an…
This paper analyzes the formation of nonstationary wind-driven surface currents after the sudden onset of a time-varying wind, using an Ekman-type model for two limiting cases: a strongly stratified sea with slip at a density discontinuity and a homogeneous deep sea. By applying the Laplace transfor…
This study examines the luminescence spectra of more than 100 diamonds from the Mir pipe, focusing on variations in the yellow-green spectral component under ultraviolet excitation and low-temperature observation. Spectra were photographed with prism and grating spectrographs, and selected specimens…
This paper examines mechanisms governing molecular ions in the upper atmosphere using rocket and satellite measurements of ion, electron, and neutral particle concentrations. It argues that charge transfer from atomic ions explains nitrogen molecular ions and lower altitude oxygen molecular ions, bu…
This paper examines the origin of blue coloration in apatite crystals, a question previously attributed to mineral inclusions, organic matter, or manganese in different oxidation states. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of single-crystal apatites, the authors compare blue specimens with…
Petrographic and X-ray observations are used to examine how uniform quartz optical-axis orientation develops in tectonites, a problem previously explained mainly by crushing and translation hypotheses without a demonstrated plastic mechanism. Quartz ribbons from veins in porphyroids show elongation …
This paper investigates magnetotelluric sounding as a means of studying deep electrical structure in the Earth using natural electromagnetic field variations over periods from seconds to diurnal oscillations. Records of electric and magnetic field components from stations in Crimea, Ryazan oblast, a…
This paper reports 8 mm radio observations of the Taurus A region made with the 22 m radio telescope of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, using transit records from a modulation radiometer with an approximately 2 minute beam. Averaging 21 records, the authors identify the known Taurus A source w…
This paper reports 1959 field observations and calculations concerning the 1908 Tunguska catastrophe, focusing on forest fall patterns, the height and energy of the explosion, the final velocity of the cosmic body, and the light radiation produced. Using the radial tree fall, standing forest near th…
This paper examines how different averaging procedures affect balance equations used in oceanology, including equations for mass, momentum, heat, salt, and other transported quantities. Starting from a general balance equation, it compares Reynolds and density-weighted means and shows that the resul…
This paper examines the use of elliptically polarized radio waves in radar studies of clouds and precipitation containing nonspherical particles such as ice crystals, raindrops, and hail. Modeling these scatterers as ellipsoids of revolution and considering dipole scattering, it derives expressions …
This paper examines the presence and altitude distribution of molecular and atomic nitrogen ions in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, using mass spectrometric measurements from rocket flights and the third artificial Earth satellite in 1958 and 1960. The analysis estimates ion concentrations from mass s…
This paper extends an earlier scheme for describing winter atmospheric heat transfer from oceans into continents, treating the active atmospheric layer as a heat conducting and radiating film. Using Australian winter temperature anomalies as a simple case, it argues that a linear decrease of tempera…
This paper presents new cotidal charts for the principal semidiurnal tidal constituents M2 and S2 in the Australo-Asian seas, a region where large and spatially variable tides had been insufficiently generalized in earlier studies. Using harmonic constants from 650 coastal and island stations, reduc…
This paper examines weak magnetohydrodynamic effects in the electrically conducting ocean under the Earth’s magnetic field. It derives an exact solution for wind-driven Ekman currents in a conducting half-space with Coriolis forces, estimating the associated electric currents and induced horizontal …
This paper presents a numerical method for solving a hydrodynamic formulation of climate and long-range weather prediction that includes both nonperiodic weather processes and annual-period climatic processes. The method reformulates the heat influx equation and surface boundary condition by separat…
This paper examines whether external drift currents associated with the Earth’s radiation belts and magnetic storms can contribute to magnetohydrodynamic self-excitation of the geomagnetic field. It formulates a feedback mechanism in which an external field penetrates the conducting core, convective…
This paper examines whether radioactivity in soil and plant samples from the Tunguska catastrophe region can be connected with the 1908 explosion, using field radiometry, laboratory beta-radiation studies, comparisons with samples from the Urals and Siberia, and measurements across tree annual rings…
This paper develops a simplified hydrodynamic theory of atmospheric fronts separating cold and warm air masses, extending earlier work on frontal surfaces. Under assumptions of hydrostatic balance, small pressure and temperature perturbations, turbulent viscosity, two-dimensional stationary motion i…
This paper develops a method for relating the fluctuation spectrum of a detected radar signal to the motion of scatterers in meteorological objects, including particles with nonuniform sizes and reflectivities. Starting from the field of an ensemble of moving scatterers, the authors derive expressio…
This paper analyzes rapid variations in the transverse-axis rotation period of the second Soviet artificial Earth satellite during March and April 1958, using photometric observations processed at the Odessa Astronomical Observatory. The author derives mean synodic quarter-periods from brightness ex…
This paper examines how fluctuations in radar echoes can be used, alongside mean radar reflectivity, to infer the microstructure of precipitation. It derives relationships between the fluctuation spectrum of a detected radio echo, the velocity distribution of falling drops, and assumed drop size dis…
This paper reports radiocarbon dating of Quaternary peat, wood, gyttja, and related deposits from the European part of the USSR using a scintillation method based on synthesized benzene or ethylbenzene. The authors compare the obtained ages with stratigraphic and spore-pollen interpretations for Hol…
This paper reports measurements of the magnetic properties of the freshly fallen Yardymly iron meteorite and relates them to its mineralogical composition and atmospheric heating history. Using specimens cut from the meteorite, the authors measured residual magnetization and magnetic susceptibility,…
This paper reports reconnaissance measurements of deep currents in the Black Sea using an improved ultrasonic neutrally buoyant float, motivated by the need to clarify vertical water exchange and assess the implications of possible radioactive waste pollution. The authors describe the float design, …
This paper formulates a linearized treatment of steady circulation in a deep baroclinic ocean under the combined action of wind stress and thermohaline forcing. The analysis separates the surface Ekman layer from the deep geostrophic convective layer, uses a vertical turbulent diffusion equation for…
The paper formulates a hydrodynamic framework for nonstationary atmospheric processes of planetary scale intended for long-range weather prediction. It extends earlier climate theory by coupling spherical equations for vorticity, balance, continuity, and quasistatic thermodynamics with a heat-inflow…
This paper addresses the long-range forecasting of mean monthly anomalies of vertical air-motion velocities over the Northern Hemisphere using hydrodynamic methods and contemporary aerological data. Starting from an approximate expression for vertical velocity in terms of the stream function and tem…
This paper reports centimeter wavelength observations of the radio source Virgo A, associated with NGC 4486, made with the Pulkovo radio telescope at 9.4 and 8.7 cm. The measurements indicate that the radio source is unresolved in right ascension at 8.7 cm, with an angular size not exceeding about 1…
This paper addresses the reconstruction of wave-flow conditions from preserved ripple structures in sandy sediments, a problem important for interpreting depositional environments. It develops a method that combines previously derived relations for ripple spacing and height with additional constrain…
Using measurements from scintillation and Geiger counters aboard the second Soviet spacecraft in a nearly circular orbit at about 320 km altitude, the paper examines zones of enhanced radiation intensity at high geomagnetic latitudes. The authors map the geographic distribution of these zones, compa…
This paper reexamines geomagnetic measurements from the first Soviet space rocket in light of ground observations on 2 January 1959. Using magnetograms from 16 geomagnetic observatories and telluric-current data from two stations, the authors identify a weak worldwide geomagnetic disturbance with su…
This paper reports preliminary radiation measurements from the second Soviet cosmic rocket, launched toward the Moon in September 1959, using gas-discharge and scintillation counters mounted both inside and outside the spacecraft container. The data are used to compare the Earth’s outer radiation be…
This paper examines whether atmospheric transparency can be inferred from the polarization of sky light measured along the Sun’s almucantar. Observations from sites near Alma-Ata and in the Libyan Desert used visual polarimetric sky-brightness measurements, direct solar radiation, and circumsolar ha…
This paper examines the vertical structure of the atmospheric electrostatic field using aircraft soundings carried out in Leningrad, Kiev, and Tashkent during the International Geophysical Year and International Geophysical Cooperation. Measurements of field strength with height were integrated to e…
This paper develops a thermo-hydrodynamic model of the bora as the steady overflow of a cold air layer across an idealized long mountain ridge beneath warmer motionless air. Using simplified atmospheric thermohydrodynamic equations, the authors reduce the nonlinear free-boundary problem to an equati…
This paper compares Soviet charged-particle trap observations of an outer electron belt near Earth with American magnetometer measurements from Explorer VI and Pioneer V that indicated persistent geomagnetic-field perturbations beyond about 5 Earth radii. The authors argue that the inferred magnetic…
This paper examines whether a low-velocity layer in the upper mantle can act as a seismic waveguide, using records from Soviet seismic stations for nine earthquakes at epicentral distances chosen to avoid overlap with known phases. Travel-time curves and amplitude attenuation were analyzed for the p…
This paper analyzes measurements from three electrode traps on Soviet space rockets to infer ionized gas and energetic electron conditions near Earth and in interplanetary space. From collector currents and estimates of spacecraft potential, the authors argue that electron fluxes above 200 eV in the…
This paper examines the induction of alternating eddy currents in an enclosed sea during magnetic storms, motivated by earlier observations of horizontal telluric currents in the ocean. Treating the sea as shallow and circular, the author derives a simplified Maxwell-equation model for currents gene…
This paper examines the water content of powerful cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds and its relevance for forecasting shower precipitation and hail. The authors develop a calculation method based on the vertical distribution of updraft velocity, the retarding effect of accumulated liquid water, and th…
This paper reports radio interferometric observations of the second Soviet space rocket, which reached the Moon on 14 September 1959. Using a double radio interferometer operating at the transmitter frequency of 183.6 Mc/s and calibrated with strong cosmic radio sources, the authors measured the ang…
This paper reports visual photometric observations of clear-sky brightness and polarization along the solar almucantar at sites near Alma-Ata and in the Libyan Desert, using a yellow filter and a three-position polaroid method to determine both degree and plane of polarization. The study compares me…
This paper presents and tests an objective computer based scheme for analyzing meteorological and aerological observations for use in numerical weather forecasting. The method approximates geopotential height fields over a fixed grid by a third degree polynomial determined by least squares, incorpor…
This paper reexamines the motion of Encke Backlund’s comet during the 1898 to 1911 apparitions in order to derive a new estimate of Mercury’s mass from the comet’s close 1905 approach to the planet. The authors recompute planetary perturbations, including repeated recalculation after orbital improve…
The paper addresses the design of electrical prospecting apparatus capable of combining the productivity of transient-field methods with the noise immunity of multifrequency measurements. It analyzes the limitations of sequential fixed-frequency measurements and broadband transient recording, then p…
This paper develops a finite-difference formulation for short-range weather prediction using the complete hydrodynamic equations in pressure coordinates, with unknown geopotential, horizontal wind components, and vertical motion variable. The system is reduced by eliminating vertical velocity, discr…
Systematic spectrographic and electrophotometric observations at Abastumani in 1958 to 1959 were used to study variations of the H alpha 6562 Å line in the night-sky glow and to compare them with oxygen and hydroxyl emissions. The authors measured relative line intensities from photographic spectra,…
