Oil of the Ozernoye Field
Abstract Generated abstract
This paper characterizes crude oil from the Ozernoye field in Tomsk Oblast and evaluates its suitability for refining into fuels, catalytic feedstocks, bitumens, and base oils. Using fractional distillation, product testing under GOST standards, and group hydrocarbon analysis, the study reports a low-sulfur, moderately paraffinic oil with substantial yields of light and middle distillates. The results indicate that the crude can produce compliant summer diesel fuel, TS-1 jet fuel from the 120 to 240°C fraction, illuminating kerosene, catalytic reforming and cracking feedstocks, fuel mazuts, viscous road bitumens, and base oils with a viscosity index of about 85. The oil is assigned the technological classification code IT1M3P2.
Full Text
Oil of the Ozernoye Field
N. M. Smolyaninova, K. K. Stramkovskaya, V. K. Zhurba,
G. B. Nemirovskaya
(Presented by the scientific-methodological seminar of the organic departments of the Chemical-Technological Faculty)
The Ozernoye oil field is administratively located in the Kargasok District of Tomsk Oblast. The oil of the Ozernoye field occurs in Cretaceous deposits and has the following characteristics: its specific gravity \((d^{20}_{4})\) is 0.8370, molecular weight 190, viscosity at \(20^\circ\mathrm{C}\) 4.81 cSt, paraffin content 3.0%, silica-gel resins 5.42%, asphaltenes 1.67%, sulfur 0.43%; the yield of fractions by true boiling point distillation boiling up to \(200^\circ\mathrm{C}\) is 34.0%, and up to \(300^\circ\mathrm{C}\), 53.9%.
Data on the fractional composition (rectification on an ARN-2 apparatus) and curves characterizing the properties of the 3% fractions are shown in Fig. 1.
The characteristics of the products of straight-run distillation (commercial products) are given in Table 1. The gasoline cuts are distinguished by the absence of sulfur compounds and by low octane numbers in the neat state, 45—66 (motor method). The fraction from initial boiling point to \(200^\circ\mathrm{C}\) (yield 30.4%), after the addition of ethyl fluid in an amount of 0.82 g per kg, satisfies the GOST requirements for A-66 motor gasoline. In their most important indicators, the \(120—240^\circ\mathrm{C}\) and \(120—280^\circ\mathrm{C}\) fractions fully meet the requirements imposed on jet fuels. They have a fairly high specific gravity \((d^{20}_{4}\ 0.7925—0.8060)\) and, upon combustion, release a large amount of heat (10280—10250 kcal/kg). The \(120—240^\circ\mathrm{C}\) fraction (yield 24.9%) meets, in all indicators, the GOST requirements for TS-1 jet fuel, while the \(120—280^\circ\mathrm{C}\) fraction has a somewhat elevated initial crystallization temperature and can be used as a component of jet fuels.
From this oil an illuminating kerosene can be obtained (fraction \(150—320^\circ\mathrm{C}\)) with a yield of 33.6%. Kerosene distillates cannot be used as tractor fuel because of their low octane numbers (20—19). Diesel-fuel distillates are characterized by high cetane numbers (57—50), low sulfur content, and low coking tendency. In terms of cetane number, viscosity level \((\nu_{20}\) from 3.35 to 7.10 cSt), pour point (from \(-24\) to \(-45\)), and the other indicators, all fractions meet the GOST requirements for summer diesel fuel.
The yield of feedstock for catalytic cracking (fraction \(350—450^\circ\mathrm{C}\)) is 16.1% of the oil; it contains 54% paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons and 43% aromatic hydrocarbons. Harmful impurities that deactivate the catalyst—resinous substances, sulfur, nitrogen, and vanadium—are present in
Fig. 1. Distillation curves for Ozernoye crude oil.
in small amounts (respectively 2%; 0.85%; 0.16%; 0.0001%), the coking tendency is not high—0.04%. The viscosity properties and pour point of the residues (Fig. 2) make it possible, in refining the crude oil, to obtain fuel mazuts of grades 100 and 200.
Oil from the Ozernoye field was tested according to GOST 11954-66 and may be recommended for the production of viscous road bitumens. The characteristics of fractions that can serve as feedstock for catalytic reforming are given in Table 2. These data indicate a high potential content of the corresponding cuts and their complete sulfur-free character. Narrow gasoline fractions boiling within the ranges 62–85°C, 62–105°C, and 85–120°C contain 42–43% naphthenic hydrocarbons. In broad fractions the naphthene content is 36%. Hence it follows that Ozernoye oil is a good source of feedstock for catalytic reforming.
In studying the group hydrocarbon composition of 50-degree fractions boiling above 200°C, the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons in an amount of 29–47% was established (Table 3), including aromatic hydrocarbons of group I with refractive index $\eta^{20}_{D}$ from 1.4979 to 1.5280 accounting for 16–13%. The content of paraffinic hydrocarbons is 71–50% and decreases as the boiling temperature of the fractions increases.
The potential content and characteristics of distillate and resid...
Table 1
Characteristics of commercial oil products of the Ozernoye field
| Selection temperature, °C | Yield on oil, % | Specific gravity, $d_4^{20}$ | Viscosity, cSt at 20°C | Viscosity, cSt at 50°C | Sulfur content, % | Product / fraction indicated | Pour point, °C | Flash point in closed crucible, °C | Onset of crystallization, °C | Iodine number, g iodine per 100 g fuel | Octane number, neat | Cetane number | Aromatic hydrocarbons, % | Coking, % | Height of non-smoking flame, mm | Acidity, mg KOH per 100 ml fraction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBP–85 | 7.3 | — | — | — | absent | Gasoline fraction | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | absent | absent | absent |
| IBP–120 | 14.2 | 0.6632 | — | — | absent | Gasoline fraction | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | absent | absent | absent |
| IBP–150 | 20.6 | 0.7120 | — | — | absent | Gasoline fraction | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | absent | absent | 0.31 |
| IBP–200 | 30.4 | 0.7280 | — | — | absent | Gasoline fraction | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | absent | absent | 0.50 |
| 120–240 | 24.9 | 0.7925 | 1.38 | 5.34* | absent | Jet fuel | — | 36 | −62 | 2.18 | — | — | 23 | — | 20 | 0.62 |
| 120–280 | 32.0 | 0.8060 | 1.65 | 6.70* | absent | Jet fuel | — | 42 | −54 | 3.77 | — | — | 25 | — | 19 | 0.74 |
| 150–280 | 25.6 | 0.8175 | — | — | — | Kerosene distillates | — | 58 | −27 | — | 20 | — | 26 | — | 17 | 1.02 |
| 150–320 | 33.6 | 0.8229 | — | — | — | Kerosene distillates | — | 65 | −19 | — | 19 | — | 27 | — | 15 | 1.18 |
| 150–350 | 39.8 | 0.8375 | 3.35 | 1.81 | 0.12 | Diesel fuel | −45 | 82 | −20 | 2.55 | — | 57 | — | 0.01 | — | 1.08 |
| 200–350 | 30.0 | 0.8500 | 4.80 | 2.40 | 0.22 | Diesel fuel | −33 | 101 | −13 | 4.65 | — | 56 | — | 0.01 | — | 1.20 |
| 240–350 | 21.3 | 0.8590 | 7.10 | 3.30 | 0.32 | Diesel fuel | −24 | 119 | −3 | 6.07 | — | 55 | — | 0.02 | — | 1.36 |
| 350–450 | 16.1 | 0.9032 | — | 18.60 | 0.85 | Feedstock for catalytic cracking and production of oils | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | 43 | 0.04 | — | — |
* At a temperature of minus 40°C.
Fig. 2. Characteristics of residues of Ozernoye oil.
precision oils, determined by the method of adsorption separation on silica gel according to GOST 1124465, are shown in Figures 3–4. These data show that from the 350–450°C fraction it is possible to obtain 11.1% oils with a viscosity index (VI) of 85. From the residue boiling above 450°C, 4.3% oils with VI 85 and a viscosity level at 100°C of 23.0 cSt can be separated.
Table 2
Group hydrocarbon composition of gasoline fractions
| Temperature, °C | Yield on oil, % | Aromatic hydrocarbons, wt % | Naphthenic hydrocarbons, wt % | Paraffinic hydrocarbons, total, wt % | Paraffinic hydrocarbons, including n-structure, wt % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28–60 | 3.6 | absent | absent | 100 | 50 |
| 60–95 | 5.3 | 3 | 34 | 63 | 36 |
| 95–122 | 5.6 | 8 | 34 | 58 | 32 |
| 122–150 | 6.2 | 16 | 30 | 54 | 26 |
| 150–200 | 9.8 | 25 | 20 | 55 | 21 |
| 28–200 | 30.5 | 13 | 25 | 62 | 30 |
| 62–85 | 3.21 | 2 | 42 | 56 | 33 |
| 62–105 | 7.72 | 4 | 43 | 53 | 28 |
| 85–120 | 7.01 | 7 | 42 | 51 | 25 |
| 105–120 | 19.39 | 13 | 36 | 51 | 21 |
| 105–120 | 2.50 | 9 | 41 | 50 | 22 |
| 105–140 | 6.58 | 11 | 37 | 52 | 20 |
| 120–140 | 4.08 | 13 | 35 | 52 | 19 |
| 140–180 | 8.30 | 19 | 31 | 50 | 18 |
Table 3
Group hydrocarbon composition of fractions boiling above 200°C
| Indicators | 200–250 | 250–300 | 300–350 | 350–400 | 400–450 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yield, wt % | 10,4 | 9,5 | 10,1 | 9,0 | 7,1 |
| Specific gravity, $d_4^{20}$ | 0,8240 | 0,8510 | 0,8710 | 0,8960 | 0,9100 |
| Molecular weight | 161,5 | 193,5 | 236,4 | 298,5 | 360,0 |
| Pour point, °C | −60 | −32 | −14 | 6 | 23 |
| Viscosity at 20°C | 2,45 | 4,85 | 12,00 | — | — |
| 50°C | 1,45 | 2,45 | 5,00 | 11,85 | — |
| 100°C | 1,00 | 1,50 | 2,15 | 3,65 | 7,10 |
| Sulfur content, % | 0,06 | 0,22 | 0,48 | 0,75 | 0,97 |
| Hydrocarbon content, % | |||||
| Paraffin–naphthenic | 71 | 68 | 61 | 57 | 50 |
| Aromatic: | 29 | 32 | 39 | 41 | 47 |
| Group I | 16 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| Group II | 6 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
| Group III | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 12 |
| Group IV | — | 1 | 6 | 9 | 12 |
| Resins and intermediate fr. | absent | absent | absent | 2 | 3 |
| Carbon distribution, %: | |||||
| $C_a$ | 19 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 24 |
| $C_n$ | 32 | 29 | 21 | 17 | 15 |
| $C_p$ | 49 | 51 | 58 | 60 | 61 |
| Number of rings in the molecule: | |||||
| $K_a$ | 0,39 | 0,41 | 0,60 | 0,71 | 1,02 |
| $K_n$ | 0,51 | 0,82 | 0,90 | 1,01 | 0,89 |
| $K_{\mathrm{total}}$ | 0,90 | 1,23 | 1,50 | 1,72 | 1,90 |
Fig. 3. Curves showing the dependence of the properties of oils on the depth of adsorption separation of the 350–450°C fraction of Ozernoye oil.
Fig. 4. Curves showing the dependence of the properties of oils on the depth of adsorption separation of the residue above 450°C of Ozernoye oil.
According to the technical classification (GOST 912-66), the oil of the Ozernoye field belongs to class I (sulfur content 0.43%) and to type $T_1$ (the yield of fractions up to 350°C is 60.4%). In terms of base-oil content, this oil corresponds to group $M_3$ (potential base-oil content 15.4% of the oil) and subgroup $I_2$ (viscosity index 85). In terms of paraffin content, the oil belongs to type $P_2$ (3.0% paraffin with a melting point of 48°C). Consequently, in accordance with the technological classification, the oil of the Ozernoye field has the code $IT_1M_3P_2$.