Study of the Commercial Properties of Oil from the Olenye Field
Abstract Generated abstract
This study evaluates the commercial properties of crude oil from the Olenye field by fractionating it into gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, oil, cracking feedstock, fuel oil, and residual fractions and comparing their characteristics with applicable GOST requirements. The analysis shows that the crude can yield aviation and illuminating kerosene, diesel fuels with high cetane numbers and low sulfur content, catalytic cracking and reforming feedstocks, several grades of fuel oil, road bitumen, and limited quantities of base oils. The oil is classified technologically as low sulfur, with substantial distillate yield, moderate base-oil potential, and measurable paraffin content, receiving the code 1T1M3I2P2.
Full Text
STUDY OF THE COMMERCIAL QUALITIES OF OIL FROM THE OLENYE FIELD
N. M. Smolyaninova, K. K. Stramkovskaya, O. E. Abramova,
G. S. Goman, L. I. Popova
(Presented by the Scientific-Methodological Seminar of the Organic Departments)
The objects of the study were gasoline, kerosene–gas-oil, and oil fractions of Olenye crude oil, obtained on the ARN-2 apparatus. The temperature limits of sampling, the volume, and the content of the analyses were adopted in accordance with the program of VNII NP.
The characteristics of the products of straight-run distillation (commercial products) are given in Table 1.
Gasoline cuts are distinguished by the absence of sulfur compounds and by low octane numbers in the neat state, 43–68 (motor method). The n.k.–180°C fraction (yield 26.3%), after the addition of ethyl fluid in the amount of 0.82 g per 1 kg, satisfies the requirements of GOST for A-66 automotive gasoline.
The most important characteristics of jet fuels are heat of combustion and density. By these indicators, the 120–240°C and 120–280°C fractions fully meet the requirements imposed. They have a sufficiently high specific gravity \((d^{20}_{4}\ 0.7950—0.8090)\) and, upon combustion, release a large amount of heat (42990—43032 kJ). The 120–240°C fraction (yield 23.8%), by all indicators except the height of the smokeless flame (23 mm), meets the GOST for jet fuel of grade TS-1, while the 120–280°C fraction (yield 31.2%) meets fuel grade T-1.
From this oil it is possible to obtain illuminating kerosene (fraction 150–320°C) with a yield of 32.8% and good photometric quality (height of the smokeless flame 26 mm). Kerosene distillates cannot be used as tractor fuel because of their low octane numbers (19–20). Diesel-fuel distillates are characterized by high cetane numbers (58–54), low sulfur content, and low coking tendency. In terms of the cetane-number values, the viscosity level \((\nu_{20}\) from 3.50 to 6.575 cSt), the pour point (from minus 21°C to minus 53°C), and the remaining indicators, all fractions meet the GOST for diesel fuel.
The yield of feedstock for catalytic cracking (fraction 350–450°C) is 17.0% on crude oil; it contains 54% paraffin–naphthenic hydrocarbons and 43% aromatic hydrocarbons. Harmful impurities that deactivate the catalyst—sulfur, nitrogen, and vanadium—are present in small amounts (respectively 0.85%, 0.25%, \(0.4 \cdot 10^{-5}\)%); the coking tendency is negligible. The viscosity properties and low pour point make it possible, in processing the oil, to obtain naval fuel oil F5 in an amount of 59%, as well as fuel oils of grades 40, 100, and 200 (Table 2).
Table 1
Characteristics of commercial products from Olenye field oil
| Boiling range, °C | Yield on oil, % | Specific gravity, $d^{20}_{4}$ | Viscosity, cSt at 20°C | Viscosity, cSt at 50°C | Total sulfur content, % | Pour point, °C | Flash point, °C, closed cup | Cloud point, °C | Initial crystallization temperature, °C | Iodine number, g iodine per 100 g fuel | Octane number, clear | Cetane number | Aromatic hydrocarbon content, % | Coking tendency, % | Smoke point, mm | Acidity, mg KOH per 100 ml fraction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28–85 | 7.1 | 0.6800 | — | — | trace | — | — | — | — | — | 68 | — | — | — | — | 0.30 |
| 28–120 | 14.3 | 0.7165 | — | — | trace | — | — | — | — | — | 61 | — | — | — | — | 0.34 |
| 28–150 | 20.3 | 0.7325 | — | — | trace | — | — | — | — | — | 53 | — | — | — | — | 0.39 |
| 28–200 | 30.1 | 0.7465 | — | — | trace | — | — | — | — | — | 43 | — | — | — | — | 0.63 |
| 120–240 | 23.8 | 0.7960 | 1.50 | 5.64* | 0.02 | — | 42 | — | −65 | 0.27 | — | — | 22 | — | 23 | 0.95 |
| 120–280 | 31.2 | 0.8085 | 1.85 | 9.35* | 0.02 | — | 48 | — | −60 | 0.36 | — | — | 24 | — | 25 | 1.30 |
| 150–280 | 25.2 | 0.8225 | — | — | 0.03 | — | 57 | −38 | — | — | 20 | — | 30 | — | 24 | 1.07 |
| 150–320 | 32.8 | 0.8345 | — | — | 0.07 | — | 61 | −33 | — | — | 19 | — | — | — | 26 | 1.20 |
| 150–350 | 38.8 | 0.8350 | 3.50 | 2.10 | 0.12 | −53 | 78 | −33 | — | 0.82 | — | 58 | — | 0.01 | — | 1.30 |
| 200–350 | 29.0 | 0.8500 | 4.90 | 2.40 | 0.20 | −32 | 85 | −25 | — | 0.92 | — | 56 | — | 0.01 | — | 1.50 |
| 240–350 | 21.0 | 0.8590 | 6.75 | 2.80 | 0.30 | −21 | 97 | −15 | — | 1.02 | — | 54 | — | 0.02 | — | 1.86 |
| 350–450 | 17.0 | 0.9050 | — | 18.40 | 0.25 | — | 22 | — | — | — | — | — | 43 | 0.05 | — | — |
* At a temperature of minus 40°C.
Table 2
Characteristics of fuel oils and residues of Olenye oil
| Fuel oil and residue | Specific gravity \(d^{20}_{4}\) | \(VU_{50}\) | \(VU_{80}\) | \(VU_{100}\) | Flash temperature, °C | Pour point, °C | Sulfur content, % | Coking tendency, % | Yield on oil, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel oil F5 | 0.9135 | 5.00 | 2.10 | 1.52 | 140 | −6 | 0.95 | 5.2 | 59.0 |
| Fuel oil 40 | 0.9580 | — | 8.00 | 3.25 | 228 | 15 | 1.09 | 7.9 | 39.0 |
| Fuel oil 100 | 0.9100 | — | 15.50 | 4.25 | 234 | 18 | 1.10 | 8.0 | 36.6 |
| Fuel oil 200 | 0.9675 | — | — | 6.50 | 175 | 21 | 1.15 | 8.7 | 33.8 |
| Residue: above 300°C | 0.9295 | 10.50 | 3.25 | 2.10 | 185 | 5 | 1.00 | 6.3 | 49.0 |
| Residue: above 350°C | 0.9580 | — | 8.00 | 3.25 | 228 | 15 | 1.09 | 7.9 | 39.0 |
| Residue: above 400°C | 0.9752 | — | 40.00 | 9.50 | 258 | 28 | 1.17 | 8.5 | 30.0 |
| Residue: above 450°C | 0.9930 | — | 68.53 | 30.01 | 278 | 34 | 1.21 | 8.72 | 22.0 |
The oil of the Olenye field was tested according to GOST 11954-66 and may be recommended for the production of viscous road bitumens.
The characteristics of the fractions that can serve as feedstock for catalytic reforming are given in Table 3. These data indicate a high potential content of the corresponding cuts and their complete sulfur-free character, while the narrow gasoline fractions boiling within the limits—
Table 3
Group hydrocarbon composition of gasoline fractions
| Take-off temperature, °C | Yield, % on crude oil | Aromatic hydrocarbons, % | Naphthenic hydrocarbons, % | Paraffinic hydrocarbons, total, % | Paraffinic hydrocarbons, normal structure, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28–60 | 3,2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 40 |
| 60–95 | 5,8 | 2 | 39 | 59 | 32 |
| 95–122 | 5,6 | 6 | 41 | 52 | 27 |
| 122–150 | 5,7 | 13 | 34 | 53 | 26 |
| 150–200 | 9,8 | 22 | 26 | 52 | 18 |
| 28–200 | 30,1 | 11 | 28 | 61 | 30 |
| 62–85 | 3,6 | 3 | 39 | 58 | 33 |
| 62–105 | 2,8 | 4 | 43 | 53 | 31 |
| 85–120 | 7,2 | 6 | 46 | 48 | 28 |
| 85–180 | 19,2 | 12 | 40 | 48 | 24 |
| 105–120 | 3,0 | 8 | 46 | 46 | 25 |
| 105–140 | 7,0 | 9 | 42 | 49 | 26 |
| 120–140 | 4,0 | 10 | 39 | 51 | 26 |
| 140–180 | 8,0 | 20 | 34 | 46 | 22 |
Table 4
Group hydrocarbon composition of fractions boiling above 200°C
| Indicators | Fraction characteristic by take-off temperatures, °C | Fraction characteristic by take-off temperatures, °C | Fraction characteristic by take-off temperatures, °C | Fraction characteristic by take-off temperatures, °C | Fraction characteristic by take-off temperatures, °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicators | 200–250 | 250–300 | 300–350 | 350–400 | 400–450 |
| Yield, wt. % | 10,0 | 9,0 | 10,0 | 9,0 | 8,0 |
| Specific gravity, $d_4^{20}$ | 0,8300 | 0,8505 | 0,8718 | 0,8960 | 0,9179 |
| Molecular weight | 156 | 192 | 237 | 281 | 323 |
| Pour point, °C | −55 | −32 | −7 | 15 | 25 |
| Viscosity, cSt, at: 20°C | 2,50 | 4,80 | 10,40 | — | — |
| Viscosity, cSt, at: 50°C | 1,60 | 2,45 | 4,35 | 11,70 | — |
| Viscosity, cSt, at: 100°C | — | 1,25 | 2,00 | 3,40 | 7,00 |
| Sulfur content, % | 0,06 | 0,20 | 0,45 | 0,73 | 0,95 |
| Hydrocarbon content, %: paraffin-naphthenic | 72 | 68 | 63 | 57 | 49 |
| Hydrocarbon content, %: aromatic | 28 | 31 | 35 | 41 | 47 |
| Including: group I | 20 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 |
| Including: group II | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 |
| Including: group III | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 10 |
| Including: group IV | 3 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 12 |
| Resins and intermediate fractions | — | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Carbon distribution, %: $C_A$ | 16 | 20 | 20 | 26 | 28 |
| Carbon distribution, %: $C_H$ | 42 | 32 | 27 | 19 | 18 |
| Carbon distribution, %: $C_P$ | 42 | 48 | 53 | 55 | 54 |
| Number of rings in the molecule: $K_A$ | 0,32 | 0,47 | 0,57 | 0,90 | 1,15 |
| Number of rings in the molecule: $K_H$ | 0,80 | 0,73 | 0,94 | 1,13 | 1,00 |
| Number of rings in the molecule: $K_{\mathrm{tot}}$ | 1,12 | 1,20 | 1,51 | 2,03 | 2,15 |
fractions 62–85°C, 62–105°C, and 85–105°C contain from 39 to 46% naphthenic hydrocarbons. In the broad fraction (85–180°C), the naphthene content is 40%. It follows from this that Olenye crude oil is a good source of feedstock for catalytic reforming.
In studying the group hydrocarbon composition of 50-degree fractions boiling above 200°C, the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons in amounts of 28–47% was established (Table 4), including 20–15% attributable to first-group aromatic hydrocarbons with refractive index \(n_D^{20}\) from 1.4900 to 1.5281. Depending on the temperature limits of fraction collection, the content of paraffin–naphthenic hydrocarbons is 72–49%, decreasing as the boiling temperature of the fractions increases. The same table gives data characterizing the structural-group composition of the 50-degree fractions.
A study of the potential content and characteristics of distillate and residual oils showed that from the 350–450°C fraction it is possible to obtain 13.25% oils with a viscosity index of 85 and a viscosity level at 50°C of 19.80 cSt. From the residue boiling above 450°C, 3.0% oils with VI 69 and a viscosity level at 100°C of 22.28 cSt can be isolated.
According to the technological classification (GOST 912-66), the oil of the Olenye field belongs to class 1 (sulfur content 0.58%) and to type \(T_1\) (yield of the fraction up to 350°C is 61.0%). In terms of the content of base oils, this oil corresponds to group \(M_3\) (potential content of base oils 16.25% of the oil) and subgroup \(I_2\) (viscosity index 69–85). In terms of paraffin content, the oil belongs to type \(P_2\) (4.2% paraffin with a melting point of 48°C). Consequently, the oil of the Olenye field, in accordance with the technological classification, has the code: \(1T_1M_3I_2P_2\).