Commercial Properties of Oil from the Poludennoye Field in Tomsk Oblast
Abstract Generated abstract
This study evaluates the commercial properties of straight-run fractions and residues from Poludennoye field crude oil in Tomsk Oblast. Using distillation, standard fuel property measurements, and adsorption separation on silica gel, the authors characterize gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, lubricating-oil, catalytic-cracking, and fuel-oil feedstocks against relevant Soviet specifications. The oil is shown to yield low-sulfur gasoline fractions suitable for A-66 motor fuel with tetraethyllead and potentially for aviation gasoline components, diesel fractions with high cetane numbers, illuminating kerosene, and substantial jet-fuel-range cuts despite some viscosity and crystallization limitations. The work also identifies the 350 to 450°C fraction as a possible catalytic-cracking and lubricating-oil feedstock, while noting that nitrogen compounds may adversely affect catalyst performance.
Full Text
COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES OF OIL FROM THE POLUDENNOYE FIELD IN TOMSK OBLAST
K. K. Stramkovskaya, N. M. Smolyaninova, L. N. Khristyukova
(Presented by the scientific-methodological seminar of the organic departments of the Chemical-Technological Faculty)
Fractions from the straight-run distillation of oil from the Poludennoye field were studied by us as commercial products. Their principal characteristics are given in Table 1. The gasoline fractions are distinguished by high yields (distillation up to 200°C amounts to 28.9%), by a complete absence or an exceptionally low sulfur content; they are characterized by comparatively high octane numbers in the pure form (45–82) and by high susceptibility to tetraethyllead. All fractions from initial boiling point to 180°C, with the addition of 0.82 g TEL per kilogram, meet the GOST standard for A-66 fuel. Fractions from initial boiling point to 150°C apparently can be used as components of aviation fuels, since, when 2.7 g of ethyl fluid is added per 1 kg of gasoline, they have an octane number of 80.
The octane number of straight-run gasolines used as components of aviation gasolines ranges from 87 to 96 (with a TEL content of 3.3 g per kg of fuel). It may be assumed that the addition of TEL in an amount of 3.3 g/kg to these fractions will increase the octane number to values corresponding to aviation-gasoline components.
Fractions 120–240 and 120–280°C do not meet, in many indicators, the GOST standard for jet fuel. Having many aromatic hydrocarbons in their composition, they show increased viscosity at temperatures of 20 and −40°C, as well as a high temperature at the onset of crystallization. However, such important characteristics as heat of combustion (10,350–10,300 kcal/kg) and density, which determine the possible flight range of an aircraft, fully satisfy the requirements of the GOST standard for fuel for air-breathing jet engines. Taking into account the very large yield of these fractions (25.5–34.0%), Poludennoye oil should be recommended for the production of this very scarce type of fuel.
The characteristics of the kerosene distillates show that illuminating kerosene meeting GOST 4753—49 can be obtained from them with a yield of 35.3%. In view of the low octane numbers, the possibility of using these fractions as tractor kerosenes is excluded.
Diesel-fuel fractions are characterized by high cetane numbers (53.0–48.5). Fractions 150–350°C and 200–350°C meet GOST 305—62 for summer diesel fuel of grades DL and DS for high-speed engines. The 240–350°C fraction, by all indicators, meets GOST 1667—51 for diesel fuel of grades DT-1, DT-2, DT-3 for medium-speed and slow-speed engines.
Table 1
Commercial characteristics of products from Poludennoye-field oil
| Boiling range, °C | Yield on oil, % | Density, \(d_4^{20}\) | Viscosity, cSt, 20°C | Viscosity, cSt, 50°C | Total sulfur content, % | Pour point, °C | Flash point in closed crucible, °C | Cloud point, °C | Initial crystallization, °C | Iodine number, g iodine per 100 g fuel | Octane number | Cetane number | Hydrocarbon content, %, aromatics | Hydrocarbon content, %, naphthenes | Hydrocarbon content, %, paraffins | Coking, % | Height of non-smoking flame, mm | Acid number, mg KOH per 100 ml fraction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28–85 | 4.7 | 0.7165 | — | — | none | — | — | — | — | — | 82.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.38 |
| 28–120 | 11.9 | 0.7285 | — | — | none | — | — | — | — | — | 67.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.38 |
| 28–150 | 19.4 | 0.7440 | — | — | none | — | — | — | — | — | 52.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.79 |
| 28–200 | 28.9 | 0.7600 | — | — | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | — | 45.2 | — | 10 | 90 | — | — | — | 0.84 |
| Fuel for jet engines | ||||||||||||||||||
| 120–240 | 25.6 | 0.7950 | 1.45 | 6.34* | 0.03 | — | 37 | — | —50 | 0.26 | — | — | 22 | — | — | — | 28 | 1.36 |
| 120–280 | 34.0 | 0.8095 | 1.95 | 7.74* | 0.03 | — | 40 | — | —41 | 0.35 | — | — | 23 | — | — | — | 27 | 1.34 |
| Kerosene distillates | ||||||||||||||||||
| 150–280 | 26.5 | 0.8245 | — | — | 0.04 | — | 62 | — | —39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28 | 1.36 |
| 150–320 | 35.3 | 0.8375 | — | — | 0.07 | — | 68 | — | —24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | 1.42 |
| Diesel fuel | ||||||||||||||||||
| 150–350 | 42.1 | 0.8420 | 3.75 | 2.25 | 0.10 | —22 | 70 | —14 | — | 0.52 | — | 53.1 | — | — | 0.01 | — | — | 1.84 |
| 200–350 | 32.6 | 0.8495 | 5.50 | 2.95 | 0.10 | —18 | 104 | —10 | — | 0.98 | — | 51.0 | — | — | 0.01 | — | — | 2.03 |
| 240–350 | 24.0 | 0.8615 | 8.30 | 6.65 | 0.20 | —16 | 128 | —2 | — | 1.18 | — | 48.8 | — | — | 0.05 | — | — | 2.20 |
| 350–450 | 18.1 | 0.9050 | — | 21.00 | 0.45 | Crude oil for catalytic cracking and production of oils | 23 | — | — | — | — | — | 49 | 48 | 0.10 | — | — | — |
* At —40°C.
Fig. 2. Curves showing the dependence of oil properties on the depth of product-range separation of the residue above 450°C from Poludennoye crude oil
Visible graph labels:
- Potential yield based on crude oil, wt %
- \( \rho_4^{20} \)
- \( \nu_{100} \), cSt
- \( \nu_{50} \), cSt
- Pour point, °C
- VI
- \( \rho_4^{20} \)
- \( \nu_{100} \)
- \( \nu_{50} \)
- \( t_{\text{pour}} \)
Fig. 1. Curves showing the dependence of oil properties on the depth of product-range separation of the 350–450°C fraction from Poludennoye crude oil
Visible graph labels:
- Potential yield based on crude oil, wt %
- \( n_D^{20} \)
- VI
- \( \rho_4^{20} \)
- \( \nu \), cSt
- Pour point, °C
- \( n_D^{20} \)
- VI
- \( \rho_4^{20} \)
- \( \nu_{50} \)
- \( \nu_{100} \)
- \( t_{\text{pour}} \)
Table 2
Characteristics of residues for secondary oil processes
| Cut-off temperature, °C | Density, $\rho_4^{20}$ | Kinematic viscosity, cSt, at 100°C | Pour point, °C | Coking tendency, % | Ash, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Above 350 | 0.9355 | 35.6 | 15 | 7.3 | 0.02 |
| Above 450 | 0.9640 | 156.3 | 35 | 11.0 | 0.03 |
The 350–450°C fraction can serve as a feedstock for catalytic cracking, since it has a very low coking tendency of 0.1% and low sulfur content. This feedstock contains nitrogen compounds and vanadium in elevated amounts (0.3 and $5 \cdot 10^{-4}\%$, respectively), which, evidently, will lead to a rapid decrease in the activity and selectivity of the catalyst during cracking.
Fig. 3. Characteristics of residues from Poludennoye oil
The characteristics of the feedstock for secondary processes, given in Table 2, show that the residues boiling above 350 and 450°C contain a small amount of sulfur (0.77–0.92%) and vanadium ($0.2 \cdot 10^{-4}\%$), but the considerable nitrogen content (0.35 and 0.65%, respectively) causes their fairly high coking tendency (7.3–11.0%).
The potential content of distillate and residual oils, determined by the method of adsorption separation on silica gel, is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. These data show that the 350–450°C fraction
Poludennoye field
| Vanadium, % | Sulfur, % | Elemental composition, %: carbon | Elemental composition, %: hydrogen | Elemental composition, %: nitrogen | Elemental composition, %: oxygen | Yield on oil |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.000015 | 0.77 | 86.72 | 12.08 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 38.0 |
| 0.00002 | 0.92 | 87.32 | 11.00 | 0.65 | 0.11 | 19.7 |
is a good feedstock for the production of lubricating oils. From it, calculated on the basis of the oil, 11.9% of oils can be obtained with a viscosity index of 85, a pour point of −23°C, and a viscosity level at 100°C of 5.0 cSt. The potential content of residual oils with a high viscosity index is very small. From the residue boiling above 450°C, only 2.8% of oils with a V.I. of −83 and a viscosity level at 100°C of 30.3 cSt was isolated.
The results of studying residues of different withdrawal depths (Fig. 3) make it possible to say that fuel oils of grades 40, 100, and 200 can be obtained from the oil of the Poludennoye field, with yields of 38.0, 33.0, and 35.0%, respectively.
Conclusions
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The commercial properties of the oil of the Poludennoye field have been studied.
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It has been shown that gasoline fractions from initial boiling point to 150°C can serve as components of aviation gasolines, while fractions from initial boiling point to 180°C, with the addition of 0.82 g of TEL per 1 kg, can be used as A-66 motor fuel.
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A characterization has been given of jet and diesel fuels.
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The potential content of distillate and residual oils has been determined.
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Residues of different withdrawal depths have been studied, and the characteristics of the fuel oils that can be obtained from this oil have been shown.
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The 350–450°C fraction has been characterized as feedstock for catalytic cracking, and residues boiling above 350 and 450°C have been studied as feedstock for secondary processes.